Outcomes of Research or Clinical Trials Activity Levels Acute Flaccid Paralysis Ageing Anaerobic Threshold Anaesthesia Assistive Technology Brain Cardiorespiratory Cardiovascular Clinical Evaluation Cold Intolerance Complementary Therapies Continence Coping Styles and Strategies Cultural Context Diagnosis and Management Differential Diagnosis Drugs Dysphagia Dysphonia Epidemiology Exercise Falls Fatigue Fractures Gender Differences Immune Response Inflammation Late Effects of Polio Muscle Strength Muscular Atrophy Orthoses Pain Polio Immunisation Post-Polio Motor Unit Psychology Quality of Life Renal Complications Respiratory Complications and Management Restless Legs Syndrome Sleep Analaysis Surgery Vitality Vocational Implications

Title order Author order Journal order Date order
Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: 1246: Missed chronic respiratory failure in a post-polio syndrome patient
Author: Aljasmi M, Agarwal K, Uppalapati S, Bazan L
Affiliation: Not stated
Journal: Critical Care Medicine
Citation: Crit Care Med. 2015 Dec;43(12 Suppl 1):313
Publication Year and Month: 2015 12

Abstract: This is a brief Case Report which does not have an abstract. This is an extract:

INTRODUCTION: Prior to the introduction of the polio vaccine, paralytic poliomyelitis was a major cause of morbidity and death. Twenty-five to fifty percent of the survivors are known to develop post-polio syndrome. Symptoms include fatigue, insidious respiratory failure, obstructive sleep apnea, bulbar neuropathy, central ventilatory abnormalities, hemi-diaphragmatic paralysis and progressive functional decline with new onset weakness, among others. We present a case of post-polio syndrome presenting with hypercapnic respiratory failure.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: A Short History of Medical Expert Guidelines and How They Pertain to Tracheostomy Tubes and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author: Bach JR
Affiliation: Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department of PM&R, Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Medical Director of the Center for Ventilator Management Alternatives and Pulmonary Rehabilitation of the University Hospital, of the Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA. [email protected].
Journal: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Citation: 2019 Feb 27. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001172.
Publication Year and Month: 2019 02

Abstract: Continuous noninvasive ventilatory support (CNVS) and mechanical insufflation exsufflation (MIE) have been used since 1953 to spare patients with ventilatory pump failure from ever requiring tracheostomy tubes for ventilatory support or secretion management. Today there are patients with spinal muscular atrophy type 1 who are 25 years old and CNVS dependent since 4 months or age, post-polio survivors CNVS dependent for 64 years, Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients over age 45 CNVS dependent for over 25 years, high level spinal cord injured patients CNVS dependent for over 20 years, and even lung disease patients dependent on CNVS. All these patients, although unweanable from ventilatory support and with little or no measurable vital capacity, can also be extubated to CNVS and MIE without resort to tracheotomies when necessary to continue CNVS. However, for various reasons, this is not cited in academic society expert guidelines. This article considers the extent of the damage being caused by this.

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Airway Secretion Clearance by Mechanical Exsufflation for Post-Poliomyelitis Ventilator-Assisted Individuals
Author: John R. Bach, William H. Smith, Jennifier Michaels, Lou Saporito, Augusta S. Alba, Rajeev Dayal, Jeffrey Pan.
Affiliation:
Journal: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil Vol 74:170-177, February 1993.
Publication Year and Month: 1992 03

Abstract: Pulmonary complications from impaired airway secretion clearance mechanisms are major causes of morbidity and mortality for post-poliomyelitis individuals. The purpose of this study was to review the long-term use of manually assisted coughing and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E) by post-poliomyelitis ventilator-assisted individuals (PVAIs) and to compare the peak cough expiratory flows (PCEF) created during unassisted and assisted coughing. Twenty-four PVAIs who have used noninvasive methods of ventilatory support for an average of 27 years, relied on methods of manually assisted coughing and/or MI-E without complications during intercurrent respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Nine of the 24 individuals were studied for PCEF. They had a mean forced vital capacity (FVC) of 0.54 ± 0.47L and a mean maximum insufflation capacity achieved by air stacking of ventilator insufflations and glossopharyngeal breathing of 1.7L. The PCEF were as follows: unassisted, 1.78 ± 1.16L/sec; following a maximum assisted insufflation, 3.75 ± 0.73L/sec; with manual assistance by abdominal compression following a maximum assisted insufflation, 4.64 ± 1.42L/sec; and with MI-E, 6.97 ± 0.89L/sec. We conclude that manually assisted coughing and MI-E are effective and safe methods of airway secretion clearance for PVAIs with impaired expiratory muscle function who would otherwise be managed by endotracheal suctioning. Severely decreased maximum insufflation capacity but not vital capacity indicate need for a tracheostomy.

Conclusions: Post-poliomyelitis individuals using noninvasive methods of ventilatory support have greater PCEF produced by manually assisted coughing and by MI-E than can be produced by unassisted coughing. Thus, if intubation and tracheostomy are to be avoided, it becomes crucial for these individuals and their caregivers to learn and have access to these methods, particularly during RTIs when expiratory muscle weakness is exacerbated.[55] These principles may also apply to individuals with severe expiratory muscle weakness due to other neuromuscular conditions. We believe that it is largely because of the lack of general knowledge of and access to MI-E that other centers are more likely to resort to intubation and tracheostomy for patients with advanced neuromuscular disease and RTIs. We conclude that loss of FVC in itself does not mandate the need for intubation or tracheostomy for ventilatory support. A maximum insufflation capacity below 500mL may be a better indicator. MI-E should be further explored as a convenient and probably more effective alternative to endotracheal suctioning for ventilator-supported neuromuscular individuals.

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation maintains adequate ventilation in post-polio patients with respiratory failure.
Author: Gillis-Haegerstrand C, Markström A, Barle H.
Affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. [email protected]
Journal: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
Citation: 2006 May;50(5):580-5
Publication Year and Month: 2006 05

Abstract: BACKGROUND:
Patients suffering from post-polio syndrome still contribute significantly to the number of patients with chronic respiratory failure requiring home mechanical ventilation (HMV). Many of these patients are treated either with invasive (tracheostomy) or non-invasive (nasal mask) controlled mechanical ventilation i.e. volume-controlled ventilation (VCV). In this group of patients, we have previously shown that bi-level pressure support ventilation (bi-level PSV) decreases the oxygen cost of breathing. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of bi-level PSV, with special regard to the adequacy of ventilation and the oxygen cost of breathing, during the patients' ordinary VCV and spontaneous breathing.

METHODS:
Eight post-polio patients on nocturnal VCV were investigated. Five of them were tracheostomized and three of them used a nasal mask. Work of breathing was analysed by assessing differences in oxygen consumption (VO2) using indirect calorimetry. Blood gases were obtained regularly to assess adequacy of ventilation.

RESULTS:
Bi-level PSV decreases the oxygen cost of breathing in post-polio patients with respiratory failure without decreasing ventilation efficiency. Furthermore, PaCO2 decreased significantly using this mode of ventilation (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: In this study, it was shown that bi-level PSV reduces the oxygen cost of breathing and gave a significant decrease in PaCO2 in PPS patients. These data suggest that bi-level PSV ventilation maintains adequate ventilation in patients who suffer from post-polio syndrome with respiratory failure.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Central Sleep Apnea: a Brief Review
Author: M. Safwan Badr and Shahrokh Javaheri
Affiliation: 1.Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical; Care and Sleep MedicineWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUSA
2.John D. Dingell VA Medical CenterWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUSA
3.Sleep LaboratoryBethesda North HospitalCincinnatiUSA
4.Division of Pulmonary Sleep and Critical Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiUSA
5.Division of CardiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusUSA
Journal: Current Pulmonology Reports
Citation: pp 1–8
Publication Year and Month: 2019 03

Abstract: Purpose of Review
The purpose of this review is to discuss the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment, including areas of controversy and uncertainty.

Recent Findings
Central apnea may be due to hypoventilation or to hypocapnia following hyperventilation. The occurrence of central apnea initiates a cascade of events that perpetuates breathing instability, recurrent central apnea, and upper airway narrowing. In fact, breathing instability and upper airway narrowing are key elements of central and obstructive apnea. Clinically, central apnea is noted in association with obstructive sleep apnea, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular accident tetraplegia, and chronic opioid use. Management strategies for central apnea aim to eliminate abnormal respiratory events, stabilize sleep, and alleviate the underlying clinical condition. Positive pressure therapy (PAP) remains a standard therapy for central as well as obstructive apnea. Other treatment options include adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV), supplemental oxygen, phrenic nerve stimulation, and pharmacologic therapy. However, ASV is contraindicated in patients with central sleep apnea who had heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, owing to increased mortality in this population.

Conclusions: There are several therapeutic options for central apnea. Randomized controlled studies are needed to ascertain the long-term effectiveness of individual, or combination, treatment modalities in different types of central apnea.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Comparison of activity and fatigue of the respiratory muscles and pulmonary characteristics between post-polio patients and controls: A pilot study
Author: David Shoseyov, Tali Cohen-Kaufman, Isabella Schwartz, Sigal Portnoy,
Affiliation: Pediatric department, Hadassah Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation department, Hadassah Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
Department of Physiotherapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Department of Occupational Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
National Yang-Ming University, TAIWAN
Journal: PLoS One
Citation: 2017; 12(7): e0182036.
Publication Year and Month: 2017 07

Abstract: Objectives
To compare pulmonary function measures, maximal respiratory pressure and fatigue of respiratory muscles between patients with Post-Polio Syndrome (PPS) and controls.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Patients
Patients with PPS (N = 12; age 62.1±11.6 years) able to walk for 6 minutes without human assistance; age-matched controls with no history of polio or pulmonary dysfunction (N = 12; age 62.2±6.5 years).

Measurements
A body plethysmograph was used to quantify Residual Volume (RV), Total Lung Capacity (TLC), and Thoracic Gas Volume (TGV) etc. A manometer was used to measure Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure. A spirometer was used to measure Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV). Surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded diaphragmatic muscle activity while performing MVV.

Results
The control group had significantly higher TGV and showed improvement in MIP following the effort (difference of 5.5±4.0cmH2O) while the PPS group showed deterioration in MIP (difference of -2.5±5.0cmH2O). Subjects with scoliosis had significantly higher RV/TLC values compared with subjects without scoliosis. The 25th frequency percentile of the sEMG signal acquired during MVV was reduced in the PPS group.

Conclusions: Maximal respiratory pressure test and sEMG measurements may identify fatigue of respiratory muscles in patients with PPS. Early diagnosis of respiratory impairment may delay respiratory decline and future need of invasive respiratory aids.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Diaphragmatic dysfunction
Author: J.Ricoy, N.Rodríguez-Núñez, J.M.Álvarez-Dobaño, M.E.Toubes, V.Riveiro, L.Valdés
Affiliation: Pneumology Service, University Hospital Complex of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Interdisciplinary Research Group in Pulmonology, Institute of Sanitary Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Journal: Journal of Pulmonology
Citation: PULMOE-1323;No. of Pages 13
Publication Year and Month: 2018

Abstract: The diaphragm is the main breathing muscle and contraction of the diaphragm is vital for ventilation so any disease that interferes with diaphragmatic innervation, contractile muscle function, or mechanical coupling to the chest wall can cause diaphragm dysfunction. Diaphragm dysfunction is associated with dyspnoea, intolerance to exercise, sleep disturbances, hypersomnia, with a potential impact on survival.

Diagnosis of diaphragm dysfunction is based on static and dynamic imaging tests (especially ultrasound) and pulmonary function and phrenic nerve stimulation tests. Treatment will depend on the symptoms and causes of the disease. The management of diaphragm dysfunction may include observation in asymptomatic patients with unilateral dysfunction, surgery (i.e., plication of the diaphragm), placement of a diaphragmatic pacemaker or invasive and/or non-invasive mechanical ventilation in symptomatic patients with bilateral paralysis of the diaphragm. This type of patient should be treated in experienced centres.

This review aims to provide an overview of the problem, with special emphasis on the diseases that cause diaphragmatic dysfunction and the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures most commonly employed in clinical practice. The ultimate goal is to establish a standard of care for diaphragmatic dysfunction.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Feasibility of lung volume recruitment in early neuromuscular weakness: a comparison between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myotonic dystrophy, and postpolio syndrome
Author: Kaminska M (1,2), Browman F (3), Trojan DA (4), Genge A (4), Benedetti A (2,5), Petrof BJ (6,7)
Affiliation: (1) Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, D05.2504 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1; (2) Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (3) Department of Respiratory Therapy, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (4) Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (5) Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (6) Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (7) Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, D05.2506 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1
Journal: PM&R: The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation
Citation: PM R. 2015 Apr;1-8
Publication Year and Month: 2015 04

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Lung volume recruitment (LVR) is a cough assistance technique used in persons with neuromuscular disorders (NMDs), most typically in those requiring noninvasive ventilation (NIV). Whether it may be useful in persons with NMDs who have milder respiratory impairment is unknown.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility, impact on quality of life (QOL), and preliminary physiological effects of daily LVR in different categories of persons with NMDs who have an early stage of respiratory impairment.

DESIGN: Feasibility study.

SETTING: Academic tertiary care center.

PARTICIPANTS: Outpatients diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n = 8), postpolio syndrome (n = 10), and myotonic dystrophy (n = 6) who had restrictive respiratory defects but were not yet using NIV.

METHODS: Participants were asked to perform LVR up to 4 times daily and log their LVR use in a diary. Physiological measurements and questionnaires were completed at baseline and after 3 months.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Compliance with LVR use was assessed, along with QOL and willingness to continue the treatment. Physiological measurements included forced vital capacity (FVC), lung insufflation capacity (LIC), and the LIC minus FVC difference.

RESULTS: Of the 24 recruited subjects, 7 with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 7 with postpolio syndrome, and 5 with myotonic dystrophy completed the study (n = 19). At baseline, mean values for FVC and spontaneous peak cough flow were 59.9% predicted and 373.1 L/min, respectively. For subjects completing the study, 74% were willing to continue long-term LVR use, and QOL scores were not adversely affected by LVR in any NMD subgroup. The LIC-FVC difference increased from baseline to follow-up by a mean of 0.243 L (P = .006) in all subjects (n = 19), suggesting a possible improvement in respiratory system mechanics.

Conclusions: In patients with NMDs who have early restrictive respiratory defects but do not yet require NIV, regular use of LVR is feasible with no negative impact on QOL over a 3-month period and may have physiological benefits. Further work is needed to determine whether early institution of LVR can improve respiratory system mechanics and help delay ventilatory failure in persons with NMDs.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Cardiorespiratory, Late Effects of Polio, Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Living the Present with an Enemy from the Past: The Role of Noninvasive Ventilation in a Poliomyelitis Survivor
Author: Adelaide Alves, Sara Conde, and Carla Ribeiro
Affiliation: Pulmonology Department of Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
Journal:
Citation: Clin Case Rep Open Access. 2021;4(2):185.
https://dx.doi.org/10.46527/2582-5038.185
Publication Year and Month: 2021 04

Abstract: Poliomyelitis epidemics of the twentieth century boosted the development of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation which has changed the natural history and extended survival in a wide range of disorders with chest wall and muscular involvement. Poliomyelitis has almost been eradicated from developed countries since the introduction of vaccination. However, challenges keep coming since there are a substantial number of survivors of the disease who need particular clinical care, namely in the respiratory field. We present a case report of a polio survivor attempting to demonstrate that even after so many years the respiratory approach of these patients remains a current issue in clinical practice with noninvasive ventilation as a cornerstone element.

Keywords: Poliomyelitis; Respiratory failure; Noninvasive ventilation

Conclusions: Finally, we should be aware of a post-polio syndrome referring to a sub-category of the late effects of polio several years following the initial recovery, including muscle weakness and fatigability [11]. This late muscle involvement may also affect the respiratory muscles leading to chronic respiratory failure several years after primary infection [12,13].

For all these reasons, polio continues to represent a current clinical condition in the field of Pulmonology not only because there are many survivors with established thoracic deformities and neuromuscular involvement, but also because of the possibility of late respiratory effects.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Lung function in post-poliomyelitis syndrome: a cross-sectional study
Author: Lira CABD, Minozzo FC, Sousa BS, Vancini RL, Andrade MDS, Quadros AAJ, Oliveira ASB, Silva ACD.
Affiliation: Federal University of Goiás at Jataí, Jataí, Brazil - [email protected]
Journal: Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia (Brazilian Journal of Pulmonology)
Citation: J Bras Pneumol. 2013 Jun-Aug; 39(4): 455–460. doi: 10.1590/S1806-37132013000400009
Publication Year and Month: 2013 08

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare lung function between patients with post-poliomyelitis syndrome and those with sequelae of paralytic poliomyelitis (without any signs or symptoms of post-poliomyelitis syndrome), as well as between patients with post-poliomyelitis syndrome and healthy controls.

METHODS: Twenty-nine male participants were assigned to one of three groups: control; poliomyelitis (comprising patients who had had paralytic poliomyelitis but had not developed post-poliomyelitis syndrome); and post-poliomyelitis syndrome. Volunteers underwent lung function measurements (spirometry and respiratory muscle strength assessment).

RESULTS: The results of the spirometric assessment revealed no significant differences among the groups except for an approximately 27% lower mean maximal voluntary ventilation in the post-poliomyelitis syndrome group when compared with the control group (p = 0.0127). Nevertheless, the maximal voluntary ventilation values for the post-poliomyelitis group were compared with those for the Brazilian population and were found to be normal. No significant differences were observed in respiratory muscle strength among the groups.

Conclusions: With the exception of lower maximal voluntary ventilation, there was no significant lung function impairment in outpatients diagnosed with post-poliomyelitis syndrome when compared with healthy subjects and with patients with sequelae of poliomyelitis without post-poliomyelitis syndrome. This is an important clinical finding because it shows that patients with post-poliomyelitis syndrome can have preserved lung function.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable.

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Category: Cardiorespiratory, Late Effects of Polio, Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Obesity and Pulmonary Function in Polio Survivors
Author: Soo Jeong Han, MD, PhD (1), Jae-Young Lim, MD, PhD(2), Jee Hyun Suh, MD(1)
Affiliation: 1. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul;

2. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Journal: Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine
Citation: 2015;39(6):888-896
pISSN: 2234-0645 • eISSN: 2234-0653
http://dx.doi.org/10.5535/arm.2015.39.6.888
Publication Year and Month: 2015 06

Abstract: OBJECTIVE
To examine the correlation between obesity and pulmonary function in polio survivors.

METHODS
This study was conducted based on a questionnaire survey and physical examination. The questionnaire included gender, age, paralyzed regions, physical activity levels, and accompanying diseases. The physical examination included measuring body mass index, waist circumference, muscle power, total fat amount, body fat percentage, and lean body mass. In addition, pulmonary function was tested based on forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), ratio of FEV1 to FVC, and chest circumference. Five university hospitals and a local health clinic participated in this study.

RESULTS
Pearson and partial correlation coefficients that used data collected from 73 polio survivors showed that obesity had a negative correlation with pulmonary function.

CONCLUSION
This study found that pulmonary function has a negative correlation with obesity for polio survivors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop specialized exercise programs to help polio survivors reduce their weight and strengthen their respiratory muscles.

Conclusions: This study found that pulmonary function has a negative correlation with obesity for polio survivors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop specialized exercise programs to help polio survivors reduce their weight and strengthen their respiratory muscles.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Comments (if any): Keywords: Poliomyelitis, Obesity, Pulmonary function

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Physiologic events initiating REM sleep in patients with the postpolio syndrome
Author: H. Siegel, C. McCutchen, M.C. Dalakas, A. Freeman, B. Graham, D. Alling, S. Sato
Affiliation:
Journal: Neurology
Citation: February 1, 1999, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.52.3.516
Publication Year and Month: 1999 02

Abstract: Background: We previously studied the occurrence of muscle tone reduction (MTR), sawtooth waves (STW), and REM in sleep, and found a stereotypical sequence of these events in normal subjects. Patients with the postpolio syndrome may have involvement of the reticular formation in the brainstem, an area known to mediate initiation of REM sleep. We hypothesized that such brainstem pathology might affect the stereotyped sequence of events initiating REM sleep.

Methods: We measured the latencies to the onsets of the first MTR, the first STW, and the first REM in 13 patients with postpolio syndrome, 7 of whom had bulbar involvement. All latencies were calculated from the last body movement before the onset of REM sleep.

Results: Using analysis of variance, we found highly significant differences among the overall mean latencies of the three types of onset (MTR, STW, REM) and also between the mean latencies of the two subgroups of patients (bulbar, nonbulbar). Although the latencies for the entire group were longer than those of the normal volunteers, the differences were not significant. However, when the bulbar and nonbulbar groups were compared, analysis of variance showed significantly longer latencies for the bulbar group than for the nonbulbar group (p < 0.0001). The values for the nonbulbar patients closely resembled those for the normal controls. Although the latencies differed, the slopes of the regressions of REM on STW, STW on MTR, and REM on MTR resembled each other closely (p = 0.924).

Conclusions: Conclusion: Prolongation of these latencies may be due to prolonged recruitment time for neurons in the pontine tegmentum, following damage from polio. This may be a sensitive marker of a brainstem lesion, and may also represent a type of sleep pathology not previously explored.

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Poliomyelitis: late respiratory complications and management
Author: Fischer DA
Affiliation: Not stated
Journal: Orthopedics
Citation: Orthopedics. 1985 Jul; 8(7):891-4
Publication Year and Month: 1985 07

Abstract: One hundred forty-six respiratory polios have been reviewed for complications and current respiratory aids. One hundred thirty-eight of these people required respirator assistance at the onset of their poliomyelitis infection. Fifteen patients have kyphoscoliosis. Seventy-five percent of the total patients require some assisted ventilation. Fifty-two percent have tracheostomies. Most of these people have been followed at Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center for many years. The literature regarding late respiratory complications of polio is reviewed.

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Category: Late Effects of Polio, Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Post-Polio Syndrome Causing Late Onset Respiratory Failure
Author: Sharon Enghelberg MD, Itamar Y. Love MD and Micha Rapoport MD
Affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine C, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
Journal: Israel Medical Association Journal (IMAJ)
Citation: 2020; 22: 395–396
Publication Year and Month: 2020

Abstract: CASE STUDY:
We present a patient with thoracic cage deformity and chronic progressive hypoventilation due to late onset PPS.

Conclusions: PPS can be a significant cause for respiratory deterioration in patients with
previous history of poliomyelitis. Physicians should be aware of this potential
diagnosis, as early diagnosis can facilitate individualized treatment plan and
prevent unnecessary examinations and mistreatment.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Comments (if any): KEY WORDS: dyspnea, polio, post-polio syndrome
(PPS), respiratory failure, restrictive
lung disease

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Protocol for diaphragm pacing in patients with respiratory muscle weakness due to motor neurone disease (DiPALS): a randomised controlled trial.
Author: McDermott C, Maguire C, Cooper CL, Ackroyd R, Baird WO, Baudouin S, Bentley A, Bianchi S, Bourke S, Bradburn MJ, Dixon S, Ealing J, Galloway S, Karat D, Maynard N, Morrison K, Mustfa N, Stradling J, Talbot K, Williams T, Shaw PJ.
Affiliation: Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK.
Journal: BioMed Central Neurology
Citation: 2012 Aug 16;12:74.
Publication Year and Month: 2012 08

Abstract: BACKGROUND:
Motor neurone disease (MND) is a devastating illness which leads to muscle weakness and death, usually within 2-3 years of symptom onset. Respiratory insufficiency is a common cause of morbidity, particularly in later stages of MND and respiratory complications are the leading cause of mortality in MND patients. Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV) is the current standard therapy to manage respiratory insufficiency. Some MND patients however do not tolerate NIV due to a number of issues including mask interface problems and claustrophobia. In those that do tolerate NIV, eventually respiratory muscle weakness will progress to a point at which intermittent/overnight NIV is ineffective. The NeuRx RA/4 Diaphragm Pacing System was originally developed for patients with respiratory insufficiency and diaphragm paralysis secondary to stable high spinal cord injuries. The DiPALS study will assess the effect of diaphragm pacing (DP) when used to treat patients with MND and respiratory insufficiency.

METHOD/DESIGN:
108 patients will be recruited to the study at 5 sites in the UK. Patients will be randomised to either receive NIV (current standard care) or receive DP in addition to NIV. Study participants will be required to complete outcome measures at 5 follow up time points (2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) plus an additional surgery and 1 week post operative visit for those in the DP group. 12 patients (and their carers) from the DP group will also be asked to complete 2 qualitative interviews.

DISCUSSION:
The primary objective of this trial will be to evaluate the effect of Diaphragm Pacing (DP) on survival over the study duration in patients with MND with respiratory muscle weakness. The project is funded by the National Institute for Health Research, Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme (project number 09/55/33) and the Motor Neurone Disease Association and the Henry Smith Charity.

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Pulmonary dysfunction and its management in post-polio patients
Author: John R. Bach, Margaret Tiltona.


Affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Director of the Center for Ventilator Management Alternatives, University Hospital, Newark.
Journal: NeuroRehabilitation
Citation: NeuroRehabilitation 8 (1997) 139-153
Publication Year and Month: 1997

Abstract: Respiratory dysfunction is extremely common and entails considerable risk of morbidity and mortality for individuals with past poliomyelitis. Although it is usually primarily due to respiratory muscle weakness, post-poliomyelitis individuals also have a high incidence of scoliosis, obesity, sleep disordered breathing, and bulbar muscle dysfunction. Although these factors can result in chronic alveolar hypoventilation (CAH) and frequent pulmonary complications and hospitalizations, CAH is usually not recognized until acute respiratory failure complicates an otherwise benign upper respiratory tract infection. The use of non-invasive inspiratory and expiratory muscle aids, however, can decrease the risk of acute respiratory failure, hospitalizations for respiratory complications, and need to resort to tracheal intubation. Timely introduction of non-invasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), manually assisted coughing, and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E) and non-invasive blood gas monitoring which can most often be performed in the home setting, are the principle interventions for avoiding complications and maintaining optimal quality of life.

Conclusions: The failure to make timely appropriate management decisions often leads to episodes of acute respiratory failure and unnecessary hospitalizations, endotracheal intubations, bronchoscopies, and tracheostomies. The use of these invasive approaches adversely affects quality of life and can increase the risk of pulmonary complications and mortality for post-poliomyelitis patients [47]. Episodes of acute respiratory failure which most often result from otherwise benign upper respiratory tract infections can be reversed by the timely use of non-invasive respiratory muscle aids.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Pulmonary Dysfunction and Sleep Disordered Breathing as Post-Polio Sequelae: Evaluation and Management
Author: John R. Bach, MD and Augusta S. Alba, MD
Affiliation: New Jersey Medical School of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, and the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital; Department of Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University and Godwater Memorial Hospital, New York, NY.
Journal: Orthopedics
Citation: Orthopedics December 1991 Vol 14 No 12 1329-1337.
Publication Year and Month: 1991

Abstract: Post-polio sequelae can include sleep disordered breathing and chronic alveolar hypoventilation (CAH). Both conditions develop insidiously and can render the post-polio survivor susceptible to cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality when not treated in a timely and appropriate manner. These conditions can be diagnosed by a combination of spirometry, noninvasive blood gas monitoring, and ambulatory polysomnography. Sleep disordered breathing is most frequently managed by nasal continuous positive airway pressure, while tracheostomy ventilation is the most common treatment for ventilatory failure. We report the more effective and comfortable techniques recently made available for managing sleep disordered breathing and the use of noninvasive treatment options for CAH, respiratory failure, and impaired airway clearance mechanisms. One hundred forty-three cases are reviewed.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Respiratory adjuncts to NIV in neuromuscular disease
Author: Nicole Sheers, Mark E. Howard, David J. Berlowitz
Affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Journal: Respirology
Citation: Asian Pacific Society of Respirology (2018) doi: 10.1111/resp.13431
Publication Year and Month: 2018

Abstract: Muscle weakness is an intrinsic feature of neuromuscular diseases (NMD). When the respiratory muscles are involved, the ability to take a deep breath is compromised, leading to reduced lung volumes and a restrictive ventilatory impairment. Inspiratory, expiratory and bulbar muscle weakness can also impair cough, which may impede secretion clearance. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is an established and indispensable therapy to manage hypoventilation and respiratory failure. The role of other therapies that support respiratory health is less clearly defined, and the evidence of efficacy is also harder to summarize as the underlying data are of a lesser quality. This narrative review appraises the evidence for respiratory therapies in adults with NMD and respiratory system involvement. Techniques that assist lung inflation and augment cough, such as lung volume recruitment (LVR) and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E), are a particular focus of this review.The evidence suggests that LVR, MI-E and various com-binations thereof have clinical utility generally, but important methodological limitations limit the strength of clinical recommendations and hamper the integration of evidence into practice.

Conclusions: Future trials should prospectively assess the long-term impact of LVR and cough augmentation on clinical outcomes and burden of care in addition to lung mechanics, as well as deter-mine clear predictors of benefit from these techniques.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Respiratory Muscle In Post-Polio Syndrome: Highlights
Author: Marco Orsini, Mauricio De Sant Anna, Carlos Henrique Melo Reis, Ricardo Martello, Eduardo Trajano,
Carlos Eduardo Cardoso, Marcos RG de Feritas and Acary SB Oliveira
Affiliation: Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University and Masters Program in Local Devolopment - Unisuam. CASF Ramon Freitas - Neurology
Service- Nova Iguaçu- RJ- Brazil

IFRJ. Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. Physical Therapy Service

Rio de Janeiro Federal University - UFRJ, Brazil

Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University- Brazil

Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University

Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University

Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - Neurology Service - UFRJ

São Paulo Federal University - Unifesp - Neurology Service - Brazil
Journal: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR)
Citation:
Publication Year and Month: 2018 11

Abstract: The main function of the respiratory muscles is the movement
of the thoracic wall, thus exerting ventilation, and the increase in
the work of this muscle is directly proportional to the intensity
of the activity performed De Troyer et al. [1-3]. During basal
respiration, the slow-twitch fibers are used, while the fast-twitch
fibers are recruited because of increased heart rate Sinderby et
al. [4]. The diaphragm moves caudal approximately 1 to 3cm.
Under conditions of ventilatory effort this incursion can reach
up to 10cm. For an adequate work performed by the ventilatory
muscles, approximately 1 to 3% of the oxygen consumption
(VO2) Kress et al. [5,6]. Several clinical conditions can modify
this process, leading to a greater demand for breathing muscles,
such as obesity Sant Anna Junior M et al. [7], chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, heart failure, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
among others.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Sleep disordered breathing in adult with polio sequelae: A case control study of predictive factors
Author: A.Leotard, A.Pages, M.Salga, G.Genet, J.Levy, M.A.Quera-Salva, F.Genet
Affiliation: Hopital R.-Poincaré, Sleep unit, Garches, France

Hopital R.-Poincaré, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Garches, France
Journal: Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
Citation: Volume 61, Supplement, July 2018, Page e72

Publication Year and Month: 2018 07

Abstract: Introduction/Background
Estimates of sleep disorder breathing (SDB) prevalence are higher in patients with polio sequelae than in general population, ranging from 50% to 65%. No specific predictive factors have been described in our knowledge. The aim of this study was to identify SDB predictive factors among polio survivors.

Material and method
A case control study including patients with polio sequelae with confirmed SDB (apnea hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5; n = 38) compared to polio patients with AHI ≤ 5 or negative Berlin questionnaire (n = 114). Matching criteria were: sex, age at evaluation, and body mass index (BMI). For each patient, age at acute polio, bulbar, trunk, and lower limbs involvement, scoliosis, current walking abilities and history of arthrodesis, brace or iron lung were assessed using preexisting database and medical charts. SDB symptoms, Berlin questionnaire and AHI using polysomnographic reports were also assessed retrospectively.

Results
Among the 362 polio patients from our systematic database 152 (38 cases and 114 controls) were matched for comparison. SDB ratio was significantly higher in patients with bulbar involvement at acute polio (100% vs. 22.5%), trunk involvement at acute polio (41.9% vs. 18.4%), bulbar involvement at evaluation (100% vs. 23%), scoliosis (38.6% vs. 13.8%) and non-walking patients (50% vs. 22.5%) compared with polio controls. Multivariate analysis only shown scoliosis to be associated with SDB in those patients (OR = 2.72 (95% CI: 1.10–6.95); P = 0.03).

Conclusions: Despite there was an increased ratio of SDB in patients with bulbar and trunk involvement, only scoliosis seems to specifically increase the risk of SDB occurrence among polio survivors. In those patients, symptoms suggestive of SDB should be searched for systematically, especially in case of trunk deformities.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular disease
Author: Aboussouan LS
Affiliation: Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 May 1;191(9):979-89. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201412-2224CI
Publication Year and Month: 2015 05

Abstract: Sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular diseases is due to an exaggerated reduction in lung volumes during supine sleep, a compromised physiologic adaptation to sleep, and specific features of the diseases that may promote upper airway collapse or heart failure. The normal decrease in the rib cage contribution to the tidal volume during phasic REM sleep becomes a critical vulnerability, resulting in saw-tooth oxygen desaturation possibly representing the earliest manifestation of respiratory muscle weakness. Hypoventilation can occur in REM sleep and progress into non-REM sleep, with continuous desaturation and hypercarbia. Specific characteristics of neuromuscular disorders, such as pharyngeal neuropathy or weakness, macroglossia, bulbar manifestations, or low lung volumes, predispose patients to the development of obstructive events. Central sleep-disordered breathing can occur with associated cardiomyopathy (e.g., dystrophies) or from instability in the control of breathing due to diaphragm weakness. Mitigating factors such as recruitment of accessory respiratory muscles, reduction in REM sleep, and loss of normal REM atonia in some individuals may partially protect against sleep-disordered breathing. Noninvasive ventilation, a standard-of-care management option for sleep-disordered breathing, can itself trigger specific sleep-disordered breathing events including air leaks, patient-ventilator asynchrony, central sleep apnea, and glottic closure. These events increase arousals, reduce adherence, and impair sleep architecture. Polysomnography plays an important role in addressing pitfalls in the diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular diseases, identifying sleep-disordered breathing triggered by noninvasive ventilation, and optimizing noninvasive ventilation settings.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: Effective.

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There are currently 21 papers in this category.

Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Sleep disordered breathing in adult with polio sequelae: A case control study of predictive factors
Author: A.Leotard, A.Pages, M.Salga, G.Genet, J.Levy, M.A.Quera-Salva, F.Genet
Affiliation: Hopital R.-Poincaré, Sleep unit, Garches, France

Hopital R.-Poincaré, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Garches, France
Journal: Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
Citation: Volume 61, Supplement, July 2018, Page e72

Publication Year and Month: 2018 07

Abstract: Introduction/Background
Estimates of sleep disorder breathing (SDB) prevalence are higher in patients with polio sequelae than in general population, ranging from 50% to 65%. No specific predictive factors have been described in our knowledge. The aim of this study was to identify SDB predictive factors among polio survivors.

Material and method
A case control study including patients with polio sequelae with confirmed SDB (apnea hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5; n = 38) compared to polio patients with AHI ≤ 5 or negative Berlin questionnaire (n = 114). Matching criteria were: sex, age at evaluation, and body mass index (BMI). For each patient, age at acute polio, bulbar, trunk, and lower limbs involvement, scoliosis, current walking abilities and history of arthrodesis, brace or iron lung were assessed using preexisting database and medical charts. SDB symptoms, Berlin questionnaire and AHI using polysomnographic reports were also assessed retrospectively.

Results
Among the 362 polio patients from our systematic database 152 (38 cases and 114 controls) were matched for comparison. SDB ratio was significantly higher in patients with bulbar involvement at acute polio (100% vs. 22.5%), trunk involvement at acute polio (41.9% vs. 18.4%), bulbar involvement at evaluation (100% vs. 23%), scoliosis (38.6% vs. 13.8%) and non-walking patients (50% vs. 22.5%) compared with polio controls. Multivariate analysis only shown scoliosis to be associated with SDB in those patients (OR = 2.72 (95% CI: 1.10–6.95); P = 0.03).

Conclusions: Despite there was an increased ratio of SDB in patients with bulbar and trunk involvement, only scoliosis seems to specifically increase the risk of SDB occurrence among polio survivors. In those patients, symptoms suggestive of SDB should be searched for systematically, especially in case of trunk deformities.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular disease
Author: Aboussouan LS
Affiliation: Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 May 1;191(9):979-89. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201412-2224CI
Publication Year and Month: 2015 05

Abstract: Sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular diseases is due to an exaggerated reduction in lung volumes during supine sleep, a compromised physiologic adaptation to sleep, and specific features of the diseases that may promote upper airway collapse or heart failure. The normal decrease in the rib cage contribution to the tidal volume during phasic REM sleep becomes a critical vulnerability, resulting in saw-tooth oxygen desaturation possibly representing the earliest manifestation of respiratory muscle weakness. Hypoventilation can occur in REM sleep and progress into non-REM sleep, with continuous desaturation and hypercarbia. Specific characteristics of neuromuscular disorders, such as pharyngeal neuropathy or weakness, macroglossia, bulbar manifestations, or low lung volumes, predispose patients to the development of obstructive events. Central sleep-disordered breathing can occur with associated cardiomyopathy (e.g., dystrophies) or from instability in the control of breathing due to diaphragm weakness. Mitigating factors such as recruitment of accessory respiratory muscles, reduction in REM sleep, and loss of normal REM atonia in some individuals may partially protect against sleep-disordered breathing. Noninvasive ventilation, a standard-of-care management option for sleep-disordered breathing, can itself trigger specific sleep-disordered breathing events including air leaks, patient-ventilator asynchrony, central sleep apnea, and glottic closure. These events increase arousals, reduce adherence, and impair sleep architecture. Polysomnography plays an important role in addressing pitfalls in the diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular diseases, identifying sleep-disordered breathing triggered by noninvasive ventilation, and optimizing noninvasive ventilation settings.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: Effective.

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Category: Cardiorespiratory, Late Effects of Polio, Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Living the Present with an Enemy from the Past: The Role of Noninvasive Ventilation in a Poliomyelitis Survivor
Author: Adelaide Alves, Sara Conde, and Carla Ribeiro
Affiliation: Pulmonology Department of Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
Journal:
Citation: Clin Case Rep Open Access. 2021;4(2):185.
https://dx.doi.org/10.46527/2582-5038.185
Publication Year and Month: 2021 04

Abstract: Poliomyelitis epidemics of the twentieth century boosted the development of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation which has changed the natural history and extended survival in a wide range of disorders with chest wall and muscular involvement. Poliomyelitis has almost been eradicated from developed countries since the introduction of vaccination. However, challenges keep coming since there are a substantial number of survivors of the disease who need particular clinical care, namely in the respiratory field. We present a case report of a polio survivor attempting to demonstrate that even after so many years the respiratory approach of these patients remains a current issue in clinical practice with noninvasive ventilation as a cornerstone element.

Keywords: Poliomyelitis; Respiratory failure; Noninvasive ventilation

Conclusions: Finally, we should be aware of a post-polio syndrome referring to a sub-category of the late effects of polio several years following the initial recovery, including muscle weakness and fatigability [11]. This late muscle involvement may also affect the respiratory muscles leading to chronic respiratory failure several years after primary infection [12,13].

For all these reasons, polio continues to represent a current clinical condition in the field of Pulmonology not only because there are many survivors with established thoracic deformities and neuromuscular involvement, but also because of the possibility of late respiratory effects.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: 1246: Missed chronic respiratory failure in a post-polio syndrome patient
Author: Aljasmi M, Agarwal K, Uppalapati S, Bazan L
Affiliation: Not stated
Journal: Critical Care Medicine
Citation: Crit Care Med. 2015 Dec;43(12 Suppl 1):313
Publication Year and Month: 2015 12

Abstract: This is a brief Case Report which does not have an abstract. This is an extract:

INTRODUCTION: Prior to the introduction of the polio vaccine, paralytic poliomyelitis was a major cause of morbidity and death. Twenty-five to fifty percent of the survivors are known to develop post-polio syndrome. Symptoms include fatigue, insidious respiratory failure, obstructive sleep apnea, bulbar neuropathy, central ventilatory abnormalities, hemi-diaphragmatic paralysis and progressive functional decline with new onset weakness, among others. We present a case of post-polio syndrome presenting with hypercapnic respiratory failure.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: A Short History of Medical Expert Guidelines and How They Pertain to Tracheostomy Tubes and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author: Bach JR
Affiliation: Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department of PM&R, Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Medical Director of the Center for Ventilator Management Alternatives and Pulmonary Rehabilitation of the University Hospital, of the Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA. [email protected].
Journal: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Citation: 2019 Feb 27. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001172.
Publication Year and Month: 2019 02

Abstract: Continuous noninvasive ventilatory support (CNVS) and mechanical insufflation exsufflation (MIE) have been used since 1953 to spare patients with ventilatory pump failure from ever requiring tracheostomy tubes for ventilatory support or secretion management. Today there are patients with spinal muscular atrophy type 1 who are 25 years old and CNVS dependent since 4 months or age, post-polio survivors CNVS dependent for 64 years, Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients over age 45 CNVS dependent for over 25 years, high level spinal cord injured patients CNVS dependent for over 20 years, and even lung disease patients dependent on CNVS. All these patients, although unweanable from ventilatory support and with little or no measurable vital capacity, can also be extubated to CNVS and MIE without resort to tracheotomies when necessary to continue CNVS. However, for various reasons, this is not cited in academic society expert guidelines. This article considers the extent of the damage being caused by this.

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Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Comparison of activity and fatigue of the respiratory muscles and pulmonary characteristics between post-polio patients and controls: A pilot study
Author: David Shoseyov, Tali Cohen-Kaufman, Isabella Schwartz, Sigal Portnoy,
Affiliation: Pediatric department, Hadassah Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation department, Hadassah Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
Department of Physiotherapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Department of Occupational Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
National Yang-Ming University, TAIWAN
Journal: PLoS One
Citation: 2017; 12(7): e0182036.
Publication Year and Month: 2017 07

Abstract: Objectives
To compare pulmonary function measures, maximal respiratory pressure and fatigue of respiratory muscles between patients with Post-Polio Syndrome (PPS) and controls.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Patients
Patients with PPS (N = 12; age 62.1±11.6 years) able to walk for 6 minutes without human assistance; age-matched controls with no history of polio or pulmonary dysfunction (N = 12; age 62.2±6.5 years).

Measurements
A body plethysmograph was used to quantify Residual Volume (RV), Total Lung Capacity (TLC), and Thoracic Gas Volume (TGV) etc. A manometer was used to measure Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure. A spirometer was used to measure Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV). Surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded diaphragmatic muscle activity while performing MVV.

Results
The control group had significantly higher TGV and showed improvement in MIP following the effort (difference of 5.5±4.0cmH2O) while the PPS group showed deterioration in MIP (difference of -2.5±5.0cmH2O). Subjects with scoliosis had significantly higher RV/TLC values compared with subjects without scoliosis. The 25th frequency percentile of the sEMG signal acquired during MVV was reduced in the PPS group.

Conclusions: Maximal respiratory pressure test and sEMG measurements may identify fatigue of respiratory muscles in patients with PPS. Early diagnosis of respiratory impairment may delay respiratory decline and future need of invasive respiratory aids.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Poliomyelitis: late respiratory complications and management
Author: Fischer DA
Affiliation: Not stated
Journal: Orthopedics
Citation: Orthopedics. 1985 Jul; 8(7):891-4
Publication Year and Month: 1985 07

Abstract: One hundred forty-six respiratory polios have been reviewed for complications and current respiratory aids. One hundred thirty-eight of these people required respirator assistance at the onset of their poliomyelitis infection. Fifteen patients have kyphoscoliosis. Seventy-five percent of the total patients require some assisted ventilation. Fifty-two percent have tracheostomies. Most of these people have been followed at Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center for many years. The literature regarding late respiratory complications of polio is reviewed.

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation maintains adequate ventilation in post-polio patients with respiratory failure.
Author: Gillis-Haegerstrand C, Markström A, Barle H.
Affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. [email protected]
Journal: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
Citation: 2006 May;50(5):580-5
Publication Year and Month: 2006 05

Abstract: BACKGROUND:
Patients suffering from post-polio syndrome still contribute significantly to the number of patients with chronic respiratory failure requiring home mechanical ventilation (HMV). Many of these patients are treated either with invasive (tracheostomy) or non-invasive (nasal mask) controlled mechanical ventilation i.e. volume-controlled ventilation (VCV). In this group of patients, we have previously shown that bi-level pressure support ventilation (bi-level PSV) decreases the oxygen cost of breathing. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of bi-level PSV, with special regard to the adequacy of ventilation and the oxygen cost of breathing, during the patients' ordinary VCV and spontaneous breathing.

METHODS:
Eight post-polio patients on nocturnal VCV were investigated. Five of them were tracheostomized and three of them used a nasal mask. Work of breathing was analysed by assessing differences in oxygen consumption (VO2) using indirect calorimetry. Blood gases were obtained regularly to assess adequacy of ventilation.

RESULTS:
Bi-level PSV decreases the oxygen cost of breathing in post-polio patients with respiratory failure without decreasing ventilation efficiency. Furthermore, PaCO2 decreased significantly using this mode of ventilation (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: In this study, it was shown that bi-level PSV reduces the oxygen cost of breathing and gave a significant decrease in PaCO2 in PPS patients. These data suggest that bi-level PSV ventilation maintains adequate ventilation in patients who suffer from post-polio syndrome with respiratory failure.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Physiologic events initiating REM sleep in patients with the postpolio syndrome
Author: H. Siegel, C. McCutchen, M.C. Dalakas, A. Freeman, B. Graham, D. Alling, S. Sato
Affiliation:
Journal: Neurology
Citation: February 1, 1999, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.52.3.516
Publication Year and Month: 1999 02

Abstract: Background: We previously studied the occurrence of muscle tone reduction (MTR), sawtooth waves (STW), and REM in sleep, and found a stereotypical sequence of these events in normal subjects. Patients with the postpolio syndrome may have involvement of the reticular formation in the brainstem, an area known to mediate initiation of REM sleep. We hypothesized that such brainstem pathology might affect the stereotyped sequence of events initiating REM sleep.

Methods: We measured the latencies to the onsets of the first MTR, the first STW, and the first REM in 13 patients with postpolio syndrome, 7 of whom had bulbar involvement. All latencies were calculated from the last body movement before the onset of REM sleep.

Results: Using analysis of variance, we found highly significant differences among the overall mean latencies of the three types of onset (MTR, STW, REM) and also between the mean latencies of the two subgroups of patients (bulbar, nonbulbar). Although the latencies for the entire group were longer than those of the normal volunteers, the differences were not significant. However, when the bulbar and nonbulbar groups were compared, analysis of variance showed significantly longer latencies for the bulbar group than for the nonbulbar group (p < 0.0001). The values for the nonbulbar patients closely resembled those for the normal controls. Although the latencies differed, the slopes of the regressions of REM on STW, STW on MTR, and REM on MTR resembled each other closely (p = 0.924).

Conclusions: Conclusion: Prolongation of these latencies may be due to prolonged recruitment time for neurons in the pontine tegmentum, following damage from polio. This may be a sensitive marker of a brainstem lesion, and may also represent a type of sleep pathology not previously explored.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Diaphragmatic dysfunction
Author: J.Ricoy, N.Rodríguez-Núñez, J.M.Álvarez-Dobaño, M.E.Toubes, V.Riveiro, L.Valdés
Affiliation: Pneumology Service, University Hospital Complex of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Interdisciplinary Research Group in Pulmonology, Institute of Sanitary Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Journal: Journal of Pulmonology
Citation: PULMOE-1323;No. of Pages 13
Publication Year and Month: 2018

Abstract: The diaphragm is the main breathing muscle and contraction of the diaphragm is vital for ventilation so any disease that interferes with diaphragmatic innervation, contractile muscle function, or mechanical coupling to the chest wall can cause diaphragm dysfunction. Diaphragm dysfunction is associated with dyspnoea, intolerance to exercise, sleep disturbances, hypersomnia, with a potential impact on survival.

Diagnosis of diaphragm dysfunction is based on static and dynamic imaging tests (especially ultrasound) and pulmonary function and phrenic nerve stimulation tests. Treatment will depend on the symptoms and causes of the disease. The management of diaphragm dysfunction may include observation in asymptomatic patients with unilateral dysfunction, surgery (i.e., plication of the diaphragm), placement of a diaphragmatic pacemaker or invasive and/or non-invasive mechanical ventilation in symptomatic patients with bilateral paralysis of the diaphragm. This type of patient should be treated in experienced centres.

This review aims to provide an overview of the problem, with special emphasis on the diseases that cause diaphragmatic dysfunction and the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures most commonly employed in clinical practice. The ultimate goal is to establish a standard of care for diaphragmatic dysfunction.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Pulmonary dysfunction and its management in post-polio patients
Author: John R. Bach, Margaret Tiltona.


Affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Director of the Center for Ventilator Management Alternatives, University Hospital, Newark.
Journal: NeuroRehabilitation
Citation: NeuroRehabilitation 8 (1997) 139-153
Publication Year and Month: 1997

Abstract: Respiratory dysfunction is extremely common and entails considerable risk of morbidity and mortality for individuals with past poliomyelitis. Although it is usually primarily due to respiratory muscle weakness, post-poliomyelitis individuals also have a high incidence of scoliosis, obesity, sleep disordered breathing, and bulbar muscle dysfunction. Although these factors can result in chronic alveolar hypoventilation (CAH) and frequent pulmonary complications and hospitalizations, CAH is usually not recognized until acute respiratory failure complicates an otherwise benign upper respiratory tract infection. The use of non-invasive inspiratory and expiratory muscle aids, however, can decrease the risk of acute respiratory failure, hospitalizations for respiratory complications, and need to resort to tracheal intubation. Timely introduction of non-invasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), manually assisted coughing, and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E) and non-invasive blood gas monitoring which can most often be performed in the home setting, are the principle interventions for avoiding complications and maintaining optimal quality of life.

Conclusions: The failure to make timely appropriate management decisions often leads to episodes of acute respiratory failure and unnecessary hospitalizations, endotracheal intubations, bronchoscopies, and tracheostomies. The use of these invasive approaches adversely affects quality of life and can increase the risk of pulmonary complications and mortality for post-poliomyelitis patients [47]. Episodes of acute respiratory failure which most often result from otherwise benign upper respiratory tract infections can be reversed by the timely use of non-invasive respiratory muscle aids.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Pulmonary Dysfunction and Sleep Disordered Breathing as Post-Polio Sequelae: Evaluation and Management
Author: John R. Bach, MD and Augusta S. Alba, MD
Affiliation: New Jersey Medical School of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, and the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital; Department of Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University and Godwater Memorial Hospital, New York, NY.
Journal: Orthopedics
Citation: Orthopedics December 1991 Vol 14 No 12 1329-1337.
Publication Year and Month: 1991

Abstract: Post-polio sequelae can include sleep disordered breathing and chronic alveolar hypoventilation (CAH). Both conditions develop insidiously and can render the post-polio survivor susceptible to cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality when not treated in a timely and appropriate manner. These conditions can be diagnosed by a combination of spirometry, noninvasive blood gas monitoring, and ambulatory polysomnography. Sleep disordered breathing is most frequently managed by nasal continuous positive airway pressure, while tracheostomy ventilation is the most common treatment for ventilatory failure. We report the more effective and comfortable techniques recently made available for managing sleep disordered breathing and the use of noninvasive treatment options for CAH, respiratory failure, and impaired airway clearance mechanisms. One hundred forty-three cases are reviewed.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Airway Secretion Clearance by Mechanical Exsufflation for Post-Poliomyelitis Ventilator-Assisted Individuals
Author: John R. Bach, William H. Smith, Jennifier Michaels, Lou Saporito, Augusta S. Alba, Rajeev Dayal, Jeffrey Pan.
Affiliation:
Journal: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil Vol 74:170-177, February 1993.
Publication Year and Month: 1992 03

Abstract: Pulmonary complications from impaired airway secretion clearance mechanisms are major causes of morbidity and mortality for post-poliomyelitis individuals. The purpose of this study was to review the long-term use of manually assisted coughing and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E) by post-poliomyelitis ventilator-assisted individuals (PVAIs) and to compare the peak cough expiratory flows (PCEF) created during unassisted and assisted coughing. Twenty-four PVAIs who have used noninvasive methods of ventilatory support for an average of 27 years, relied on methods of manually assisted coughing and/or MI-E without complications during intercurrent respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Nine of the 24 individuals were studied for PCEF. They had a mean forced vital capacity (FVC) of 0.54 ± 0.47L and a mean maximum insufflation capacity achieved by air stacking of ventilator insufflations and glossopharyngeal breathing of 1.7L. The PCEF were as follows: unassisted, 1.78 ± 1.16L/sec; following a maximum assisted insufflation, 3.75 ± 0.73L/sec; with manual assistance by abdominal compression following a maximum assisted insufflation, 4.64 ± 1.42L/sec; and with MI-E, 6.97 ± 0.89L/sec. We conclude that manually assisted coughing and MI-E are effective and safe methods of airway secretion clearance for PVAIs with impaired expiratory muscle function who would otherwise be managed by endotracheal suctioning. Severely decreased maximum insufflation capacity but not vital capacity indicate need for a tracheostomy.

Conclusions: Post-poliomyelitis individuals using noninvasive methods of ventilatory support have greater PCEF produced by manually assisted coughing and by MI-E than can be produced by unassisted coughing. Thus, if intubation and tracheostomy are to be avoided, it becomes crucial for these individuals and their caregivers to learn and have access to these methods, particularly during RTIs when expiratory muscle weakness is exacerbated.[55] These principles may also apply to individuals with severe expiratory muscle weakness due to other neuromuscular conditions. We believe that it is largely because of the lack of general knowledge of and access to MI-E that other centers are more likely to resort to intubation and tracheostomy for patients with advanced neuromuscular disease and RTIs. We conclude that loss of FVC in itself does not mandate the need for intubation or tracheostomy for ventilatory support. A maximum insufflation capacity below 500mL may be a better indicator. MI-E should be further explored as a convenient and probably more effective alternative to endotracheal suctioning for ventilator-supported neuromuscular individuals.

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Feasibility of lung volume recruitment in early neuromuscular weakness: a comparison between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myotonic dystrophy, and postpolio syndrome
Author: Kaminska M (1,2), Browman F (3), Trojan DA (4), Genge A (4), Benedetti A (2,5), Petrof BJ (6,7)
Affiliation: (1) Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, D05.2504 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1; (2) Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (3) Department of Respiratory Therapy, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (4) Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (5) Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (6) Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (7) Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, D05.2506 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1
Journal: PM&R: The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation
Citation: PM R. 2015 Apr;1-8
Publication Year and Month: 2015 04

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Lung volume recruitment (LVR) is a cough assistance technique used in persons with neuromuscular disorders (NMDs), most typically in those requiring noninvasive ventilation (NIV). Whether it may be useful in persons with NMDs who have milder respiratory impairment is unknown.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility, impact on quality of life (QOL), and preliminary physiological effects of daily LVR in different categories of persons with NMDs who have an early stage of respiratory impairment.

DESIGN: Feasibility study.

SETTING: Academic tertiary care center.

PARTICIPANTS: Outpatients diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n = 8), postpolio syndrome (n = 10), and myotonic dystrophy (n = 6) who had restrictive respiratory defects but were not yet using NIV.

METHODS: Participants were asked to perform LVR up to 4 times daily and log their LVR use in a diary. Physiological measurements and questionnaires were completed at baseline and after 3 months.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Compliance with LVR use was assessed, along with QOL and willingness to continue the treatment. Physiological measurements included forced vital capacity (FVC), lung insufflation capacity (LIC), and the LIC minus FVC difference.

RESULTS: Of the 24 recruited subjects, 7 with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 7 with postpolio syndrome, and 5 with myotonic dystrophy completed the study (n = 19). At baseline, mean values for FVC and spontaneous peak cough flow were 59.9% predicted and 373.1 L/min, respectively. For subjects completing the study, 74% were willing to continue long-term LVR use, and QOL scores were not adversely affected by LVR in any NMD subgroup. The LIC-FVC difference increased from baseline to follow-up by a mean of 0.243 L (P = .006) in all subjects (n = 19), suggesting a possible improvement in respiratory system mechanics.

Conclusions: In patients with NMDs who have early restrictive respiratory defects but do not yet require NIV, regular use of LVR is feasible with no negative impact on QOL over a 3-month period and may have physiological benefits. Further work is needed to determine whether early institution of LVR can improve respiratory system mechanics and help delay ventilatory failure in persons with NMDs.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Lung function in post-poliomyelitis syndrome: a cross-sectional study
Author: Lira CABD, Minozzo FC, Sousa BS, Vancini RL, Andrade MDS, Quadros AAJ, Oliveira ASB, Silva ACD.
Affiliation: Federal University of Goiás at Jataí, Jataí, Brazil - [email protected]
Journal: Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia (Brazilian Journal of Pulmonology)
Citation: J Bras Pneumol. 2013 Jun-Aug; 39(4): 455–460. doi: 10.1590/S1806-37132013000400009
Publication Year and Month: 2013 08

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare lung function between patients with post-poliomyelitis syndrome and those with sequelae of paralytic poliomyelitis (without any signs or symptoms of post-poliomyelitis syndrome), as well as between patients with post-poliomyelitis syndrome and healthy controls.

METHODS: Twenty-nine male participants were assigned to one of three groups: control; poliomyelitis (comprising patients who had had paralytic poliomyelitis but had not developed post-poliomyelitis syndrome); and post-poliomyelitis syndrome. Volunteers underwent lung function measurements (spirometry and respiratory muscle strength assessment).

RESULTS: The results of the spirometric assessment revealed no significant differences among the groups except for an approximately 27% lower mean maximal voluntary ventilation in the post-poliomyelitis syndrome group when compared with the control group (p = 0.0127). Nevertheless, the maximal voluntary ventilation values for the post-poliomyelitis group were compared with those for the Brazilian population and were found to be normal. No significant differences were observed in respiratory muscle strength among the groups.

Conclusions: With the exception of lower maximal voluntary ventilation, there was no significant lung function impairment in outpatients diagnosed with post-poliomyelitis syndrome when compared with healthy subjects and with patients with sequelae of poliomyelitis without post-poliomyelitis syndrome. This is an important clinical finding because it shows that patients with post-poliomyelitis syndrome can have preserved lung function.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable.

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Central Sleep Apnea: a Brief Review
Author: M. Safwan Badr and Shahrokh Javaheri
Affiliation: 1.Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical; Care and Sleep MedicineWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUSA
2.John D. Dingell VA Medical CenterWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUSA
3.Sleep LaboratoryBethesda North HospitalCincinnatiUSA
4.Division of Pulmonary Sleep and Critical Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiUSA
5.Division of CardiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusUSA
Journal: Current Pulmonology Reports
Citation: pp 1–8
Publication Year and Month: 2019 03

Abstract: Purpose of Review
The purpose of this review is to discuss the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment, including areas of controversy and uncertainty.

Recent Findings
Central apnea may be due to hypoventilation or to hypocapnia following hyperventilation. The occurrence of central apnea initiates a cascade of events that perpetuates breathing instability, recurrent central apnea, and upper airway narrowing. In fact, breathing instability and upper airway narrowing are key elements of central and obstructive apnea. Clinically, central apnea is noted in association with obstructive sleep apnea, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular accident tetraplegia, and chronic opioid use. Management strategies for central apnea aim to eliminate abnormal respiratory events, stabilize sleep, and alleviate the underlying clinical condition. Positive pressure therapy (PAP) remains a standard therapy for central as well as obstructive apnea. Other treatment options include adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV), supplemental oxygen, phrenic nerve stimulation, and pharmacologic therapy. However, ASV is contraindicated in patients with central sleep apnea who had heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, owing to increased mortality in this population.

Conclusions: There are several therapeutic options for central apnea. Randomized controlled studies are needed to ascertain the long-term effectiveness of individual, or combination, treatment modalities in different types of central apnea.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Respiratory Muscle In Post-Polio Syndrome: Highlights
Author: Marco Orsini, Mauricio De Sant Anna, Carlos Henrique Melo Reis, Ricardo Martello, Eduardo Trajano,
Carlos Eduardo Cardoso, Marcos RG de Feritas and Acary SB Oliveira

Affiliation: Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University and Masters Program in Local Devolopment - Unisuam. CASF Ramon Freitas - Neurology
Service- Nova Iguaçu- RJ- Brazil

IFRJ. Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. Physical Therapy Service

Rio de Janeiro Federal University - UFRJ, Brazil

Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University- Brazil

Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University

Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University

Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - Neurology Service - UFRJ

São Paulo Federal University - Unifesp - Neurology Service - Brazil
Journal: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR)
Citation:
Publication Year and Month: 2018 11

Abstract: The main function of the respiratory muscles is the movement
of the thoracic wall, thus exerting ventilation, and the increase in
the work of this muscle is directly proportional to the intensity
of the activity performed De Troyer et al. [1-3]. During basal
respiration, the slow-twitch fibers are used, while the fast-twitch
fibers are recruited because of increased heart rate Sinderby et
al. [4]. The diaphragm moves caudal approximately 1 to 3cm.
Under conditions of ventilatory effort this incursion can reach
up to 10cm. For an adequate work performed by the ventilatory
muscles, approximately 1 to 3% of the oxygen consumption
(VO2) Kress et al. [5,6]. Several clinical conditions can modify
this process, leading to a greater demand for breathing muscles,
such as obesity Sant Anna Junior M et al. [7], chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, heart failure, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
among others.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Protocol for diaphragm pacing in patients with respiratory muscle weakness due to motor neurone disease (DiPALS): a randomised controlled trial.
Author: McDermott C, Maguire C, Cooper CL, Ackroyd R, Baird WO, Baudouin S, Bentley A, Bianchi S, Bourke S, Bradburn MJ, Dixon S, Ealing J, Galloway S, Karat D, Maynard N, Morrison K, Mustfa N, Stradling J, Talbot K, Williams T, Shaw PJ.
Affiliation: Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK.
Journal: BioMed Central Neurology
Citation: 2012 Aug 16;12:74.
Publication Year and Month: 2012 08

Abstract: BACKGROUND:
Motor neurone disease (MND) is a devastating illness which leads to muscle weakness and death, usually within 2-3 years of symptom onset. Respiratory insufficiency is a common cause of morbidity, particularly in later stages of MND and respiratory complications are the leading cause of mortality in MND patients. Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV) is the current standard therapy to manage respiratory insufficiency. Some MND patients however do not tolerate NIV due to a number of issues including mask interface problems and claustrophobia. In those that do tolerate NIV, eventually respiratory muscle weakness will progress to a point at which intermittent/overnight NIV is ineffective. The NeuRx RA/4 Diaphragm Pacing System was originally developed for patients with respiratory insufficiency and diaphragm paralysis secondary to stable high spinal cord injuries. The DiPALS study will assess the effect of diaphragm pacing (DP) when used to treat patients with MND and respiratory insufficiency.

METHOD/DESIGN:
108 patients will be recruited to the study at 5 sites in the UK. Patients will be randomised to either receive NIV (current standard care) or receive DP in addition to NIV. Study participants will be required to complete outcome measures at 5 follow up time points (2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) plus an additional surgery and 1 week post operative visit for those in the DP group. 12 patients (and their carers) from the DP group will also be asked to complete 2 qualitative interviews.

DISCUSSION:
The primary objective of this trial will be to evaluate the effect of Diaphragm Pacing (DP) on survival over the study duration in patients with MND with respiratory muscle weakness. The project is funded by the National Institute for Health Research, Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme (project number 09/55/33) and the Motor Neurone Disease Association and the Henry Smith Charity.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Respiratory adjuncts to NIV in neuromuscular disease
Author: Nicole Sheers, Mark E. Howard, David J. Berlowitz
Affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Journal: Respirology
Citation: Asian Pacific Society of Respirology (2018) doi: 10.1111/resp.13431
Publication Year and Month: 2018

Abstract: Muscle weakness is an intrinsic feature of neuromuscular diseases (NMD). When the respiratory muscles are involved, the ability to take a deep breath is compromised, leading to reduced lung volumes and a restrictive ventilatory impairment. Inspiratory, expiratory and bulbar muscle weakness can also impair cough, which may impede secretion clearance. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is an established and indispensable therapy to manage hypoventilation and respiratory failure. The role of other therapies that support respiratory health is less clearly defined, and the evidence of efficacy is also harder to summarize as the underlying data are of a lesser quality. This narrative review appraises the evidence for respiratory therapies in adults with NMD and respiratory system involvement. Techniques that assist lung inflation and augment cough, such as lung volume recruitment (LVR) and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E), are a particular focus of this review.The evidence suggests that LVR, MI-E and various com-binations thereof have clinical utility generally, but important methodological limitations limit the strength of clinical recommendations and hamper the integration of evidence into practice.

Conclusions: Future trials should prospectively assess the long-term impact of LVR and cough augmentation on clinical outcomes and burden of care in addition to lung mechanics, as well as deter-mine clear predictors of benefit from these techniques.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Late Effects of Polio, Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Post-Polio Syndrome Causing Late Onset Respiratory Failure
Author: Sharon Enghelberg MD, Itamar Y. Love MD and Micha Rapoport MD
Affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine C, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
Journal: Israel Medical Association Journal (IMAJ)
Citation: 2020; 22: 395–396
Publication Year and Month: 2020

Abstract: CASE STUDY:
We present a patient with thoracic cage deformity and chronic progressive hypoventilation due to late onset PPS.

Conclusions: PPS can be a significant cause for respiratory deterioration in patients with
previous history of poliomyelitis. Physicians should be aware of this potential
diagnosis, as early diagnosis can facilitate individualized treatment plan and
prevent unnecessary examinations and mistreatment.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Comments (if any): KEY WORDS: dyspnea, polio, post-polio syndrome
(PPS), respiratory failure, restrictive
lung disease

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Category: Cardiorespiratory, Late Effects of Polio, Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Obesity and Pulmonary Function in Polio Survivors
Author: Soo Jeong Han, MD, PhD (1), Jae-Young Lim, MD, PhD(2), Jee Hyun Suh, MD(1)
Affiliation: 1. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul;

2. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Journal: Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine
Citation: 2015;39(6):888-896
pISSN: 2234-0645 • eISSN: 2234-0653
http://dx.doi.org/10.5535/arm.2015.39.6.888
Publication Year and Month: 2015 06

Abstract: OBJECTIVE
To examine the correlation between obesity and pulmonary function in polio survivors.

METHODS
This study was conducted based on a questionnaire survey and physical examination. The questionnaire included gender, age, paralyzed regions, physical activity levels, and accompanying diseases. The physical examination included measuring body mass index, waist circumference, muscle power, total fat amount, body fat percentage, and lean body mass. In addition, pulmonary function was tested based on forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), ratio of FEV1 to FVC, and chest circumference. Five university hospitals and a local health clinic participated in this study.

RESULTS
Pearson and partial correlation coefficients that used data collected from 73 polio survivors showed that obesity had a negative correlation with pulmonary function.

CONCLUSION
This study found that pulmonary function has a negative correlation with obesity for polio survivors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop specialized exercise programs to help polio survivors reduce their weight and strengthen their respiratory muscles.

Conclusions: This study found that pulmonary function has a negative correlation with obesity for polio survivors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop specialized exercise programs to help polio survivors reduce their weight and strengthen their respiratory muscles.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Comments (if any): Keywords: Poliomyelitis, Obesity, Pulmonary function

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There are currently 21 papers in this category.

Category: Cardiorespiratory, Late Effects of Polio, Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Living the Present with an Enemy from the Past: The Role of Noninvasive Ventilation in a Poliomyelitis Survivor
Author: Adelaide Alves, Sara Conde, and Carla Ribeiro
Affiliation: Pulmonology Department of Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
Journal:
Citation: Clin Case Rep Open Access. 2021;4(2):185.
https://dx.doi.org/10.46527/2582-5038.185
Publication Year and Month: 2021 04

Abstract: Poliomyelitis epidemics of the twentieth century boosted the development of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation which has changed the natural history and extended survival in a wide range of disorders with chest wall and muscular involvement. Poliomyelitis has almost been eradicated from developed countries since the introduction of vaccination. However, challenges keep coming since there are a substantial number of survivors of the disease who need particular clinical care, namely in the respiratory field. We present a case report of a polio survivor attempting to demonstrate that even after so many years the respiratory approach of these patients remains a current issue in clinical practice with noninvasive ventilation as a cornerstone element.

Keywords: Poliomyelitis; Respiratory failure; Noninvasive ventilation

Conclusions: Finally, we should be aware of a post-polio syndrome referring to a sub-category of the late effects of polio several years following the initial recovery, including muscle weakness and fatigability [11]. This late muscle involvement may also affect the respiratory muscles leading to chronic respiratory failure several years after primary infection [12,13].

For all these reasons, polio continues to represent a current clinical condition in the field of Pulmonology not only because there are many survivors with established thoracic deformities and neuromuscular involvement, but also because of the possibility of late respiratory effects.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation maintains adequate ventilation in post-polio patients with respiratory failure.
Author: Gillis-Haegerstrand C, Markström A, Barle H.
Affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. [email protected]
Journal: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
Citation: 2006 May;50(5):580-5
Publication Year and Month: 2006 05

Abstract: BACKGROUND:
Patients suffering from post-polio syndrome still contribute significantly to the number of patients with chronic respiratory failure requiring home mechanical ventilation (HMV). Many of these patients are treated either with invasive (tracheostomy) or non-invasive (nasal mask) controlled mechanical ventilation i.e. volume-controlled ventilation (VCV). In this group of patients, we have previously shown that bi-level pressure support ventilation (bi-level PSV) decreases the oxygen cost of breathing. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of bi-level PSV, with special regard to the adequacy of ventilation and the oxygen cost of breathing, during the patients' ordinary VCV and spontaneous breathing.

METHODS:
Eight post-polio patients on nocturnal VCV were investigated. Five of them were tracheostomized and three of them used a nasal mask. Work of breathing was analysed by assessing differences in oxygen consumption (VO2) using indirect calorimetry. Blood gases were obtained regularly to assess adequacy of ventilation.

RESULTS:
Bi-level PSV decreases the oxygen cost of breathing in post-polio patients with respiratory failure without decreasing ventilation efficiency. Furthermore, PaCO2 decreased significantly using this mode of ventilation (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: In this study, it was shown that bi-level PSV reduces the oxygen cost of breathing and gave a significant decrease in PaCO2 in PPS patients. These data suggest that bi-level PSV ventilation maintains adequate ventilation in patients who suffer from post-polio syndrome with respiratory failure.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: A Short History of Medical Expert Guidelines and How They Pertain to Tracheostomy Tubes and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author: Bach JR
Affiliation: Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department of PM&R, Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Medical Director of the Center for Ventilator Management Alternatives and Pulmonary Rehabilitation of the University Hospital, of the Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA. [email protected].
Journal: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Citation: 2019 Feb 27. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001172.
Publication Year and Month: 2019 02

Abstract: Continuous noninvasive ventilatory support (CNVS) and mechanical insufflation exsufflation (MIE) have been used since 1953 to spare patients with ventilatory pump failure from ever requiring tracheostomy tubes for ventilatory support or secretion management. Today there are patients with spinal muscular atrophy type 1 who are 25 years old and CNVS dependent since 4 months or age, post-polio survivors CNVS dependent for 64 years, Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients over age 45 CNVS dependent for over 25 years, high level spinal cord injured patients CNVS dependent for over 20 years, and even lung disease patients dependent on CNVS. All these patients, although unweanable from ventilatory support and with little or no measurable vital capacity, can also be extubated to CNVS and MIE without resort to tracheotomies when necessary to continue CNVS. However, for various reasons, this is not cited in academic society expert guidelines. This article considers the extent of the damage being caused by this.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular disease
Author: Aboussouan LS
Affiliation: Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 May 1;191(9):979-89. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201412-2224CI
Publication Year and Month: 2015 05

Abstract: Sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular diseases is due to an exaggerated reduction in lung volumes during supine sleep, a compromised physiologic adaptation to sleep, and specific features of the diseases that may promote upper airway collapse or heart failure. The normal decrease in the rib cage contribution to the tidal volume during phasic REM sleep becomes a critical vulnerability, resulting in saw-tooth oxygen desaturation possibly representing the earliest manifestation of respiratory muscle weakness. Hypoventilation can occur in REM sleep and progress into non-REM sleep, with continuous desaturation and hypercarbia. Specific characteristics of neuromuscular disorders, such as pharyngeal neuropathy or weakness, macroglossia, bulbar manifestations, or low lung volumes, predispose patients to the development of obstructive events. Central sleep-disordered breathing can occur with associated cardiomyopathy (e.g., dystrophies) or from instability in the control of breathing due to diaphragm weakness. Mitigating factors such as recruitment of accessory respiratory muscles, reduction in REM sleep, and loss of normal REM atonia in some individuals may partially protect against sleep-disordered breathing. Noninvasive ventilation, a standard-of-care management option for sleep-disordered breathing, can itself trigger specific sleep-disordered breathing events including air leaks, patient-ventilator asynchrony, central sleep apnea, and glottic closure. These events increase arousals, reduce adherence, and impair sleep architecture. Polysomnography plays an important role in addressing pitfalls in the diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular diseases, identifying sleep-disordered breathing triggered by noninvasive ventilation, and optimizing noninvasive ventilation settings.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: Effective.

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Sleep disordered breathing in adult with polio sequelae: A case control study of predictive factors
Author: A.Leotard, A.Pages, M.Salga, G.Genet, J.Levy, M.A.Quera-Salva, F.Genet
Affiliation: Hopital R.-Poincaré, Sleep unit, Garches, France

Hopital R.-Poincaré, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Garches, France
Journal: Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
Citation: Volume 61, Supplement, July 2018, Page e72

Publication Year and Month: 2018 07

Abstract: Introduction/Background
Estimates of sleep disorder breathing (SDB) prevalence are higher in patients with polio sequelae than in general population, ranging from 50% to 65%. No specific predictive factors have been described in our knowledge. The aim of this study was to identify SDB predictive factors among polio survivors.

Material and method
A case control study including patients with polio sequelae with confirmed SDB (apnea hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5; n = 38) compared to polio patients with AHI ≤ 5 or negative Berlin questionnaire (n = 114). Matching criteria were: sex, age at evaluation, and body mass index (BMI). For each patient, age at acute polio, bulbar, trunk, and lower limbs involvement, scoliosis, current walking abilities and history of arthrodesis, brace or iron lung were assessed using preexisting database and medical charts. SDB symptoms, Berlin questionnaire and AHI using polysomnographic reports were also assessed retrospectively.

Results
Among the 362 polio patients from our systematic database 152 (38 cases and 114 controls) were matched for comparison. SDB ratio was significantly higher in patients with bulbar involvement at acute polio (100% vs. 22.5%), trunk involvement at acute polio (41.9% vs. 18.4%), bulbar involvement at evaluation (100% vs. 23%), scoliosis (38.6% vs. 13.8%) and non-walking patients (50% vs. 22.5%) compared with polio controls. Multivariate analysis only shown scoliosis to be associated with SDB in those patients (OR = 2.72 (95% CI: 1.10–6.95); P = 0.03).

Conclusions: Despite there was an increased ratio of SDB in patients with bulbar and trunk involvement, only scoliosis seems to specifically increase the risk of SDB occurrence among polio survivors. In those patients, symptoms suggestive of SDB should be searched for systematically, especially in case of trunk deformities.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Cardiorespiratory, Late Effects of Polio, Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Obesity and Pulmonary Function in Polio Survivors
Author: Soo Jeong Han, MD, PhD (1), Jae-Young Lim, MD, PhD(2), Jee Hyun Suh, MD(1)
Affiliation: 1. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul;

2. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Journal: Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine
Citation: 2015;39(6):888-896
pISSN: 2234-0645 • eISSN: 2234-0653
http://dx.doi.org/10.5535/arm.2015.39.6.888
Publication Year and Month: 2015 06

Abstract: OBJECTIVE
To examine the correlation between obesity and pulmonary function in polio survivors.

METHODS
This study was conducted based on a questionnaire survey and physical examination. The questionnaire included gender, age, paralyzed regions, physical activity levels, and accompanying diseases. The physical examination included measuring body mass index, waist circumference, muscle power, total fat amount, body fat percentage, and lean body mass. In addition, pulmonary function was tested based on forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), ratio of FEV1 to FVC, and chest circumference. Five university hospitals and a local health clinic participated in this study.

RESULTS
Pearson and partial correlation coefficients that used data collected from 73 polio survivors showed that obesity had a negative correlation with pulmonary function.

CONCLUSION
This study found that pulmonary function has a negative correlation with obesity for polio survivors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop specialized exercise programs to help polio survivors reduce their weight and strengthen their respiratory muscles.

Conclusions: This study found that pulmonary function has a negative correlation with obesity for polio survivors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop specialized exercise programs to help polio survivors reduce their weight and strengthen their respiratory muscles.

Outcome of Research: More research required

Availability of Paper: The full text of this paper has been generously made available by the publisher.

Comments (if any): Keywords: Poliomyelitis, Obesity, Pulmonary function

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Airway Secretion Clearance by Mechanical Exsufflation for Post-Poliomyelitis Ventilator-Assisted Individuals
Author: John R. Bach, William H. Smith, Jennifier Michaels, Lou Saporito, Augusta S. Alba, Rajeev Dayal, Jeffrey Pan.
Affiliation:
Journal: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil Vol 74:170-177, February 1993.
Publication Year and Month: 1992 03

Abstract: Pulmonary complications from impaired airway secretion clearance mechanisms are major causes of morbidity and mortality for post-poliomyelitis individuals. The purpose of this study was to review the long-term use of manually assisted coughing and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E) by post-poliomyelitis ventilator-assisted individuals (PVAIs) and to compare the peak cough expiratory flows (PCEF) created during unassisted and assisted coughing. Twenty-four PVAIs who have used noninvasive methods of ventilatory support for an average of 27 years, relied on methods of manually assisted coughing and/or MI-E without complications during intercurrent respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Nine of the 24 individuals were studied for PCEF. They had a mean forced vital capacity (FVC) of 0.54 ± 0.47L and a mean maximum insufflation capacity achieved by air stacking of ventilator insufflations and glossopharyngeal breathing of 1.7L. The PCEF were as follows: unassisted, 1.78 ± 1.16L/sec; following a maximum assisted insufflation, 3.75 ± 0.73L/sec; with manual assistance by abdominal compression following a maximum assisted insufflation, 4.64 ± 1.42L/sec; and with MI-E, 6.97 ± 0.89L/sec. We conclude that manually assisted coughing and MI-E are effective and safe methods of airway secretion clearance for PVAIs with impaired expiratory muscle function who would otherwise be managed by endotracheal suctioning. Severely decreased maximum insufflation capacity but not vital capacity indicate need for a tracheostomy.

Conclusions: Post-poliomyelitis individuals using noninvasive methods of ventilatory support have greater PCEF produced by manually assisted coughing and by MI-E than can be produced by unassisted coughing. Thus, if intubation and tracheostomy are to be avoided, it becomes crucial for these individuals and their caregivers to learn and have access to these methods, particularly during RTIs when expiratory muscle weakness is exacerbated.[55] These principles may also apply to individuals with severe expiratory muscle weakness due to other neuromuscular conditions. We believe that it is largely because of the lack of general knowledge of and access to MI-E that other centers are more likely to resort to intubation and tracheostomy for patients with advanced neuromuscular disease and RTIs. We conclude that loss of FVC in itself does not mandate the need for intubation or tracheostomy for ventilatory support. A maximum insufflation capacity below 500mL may be a better indicator. MI-E should be further explored as a convenient and probably more effective alternative to endotracheal suctioning for ventilator-supported neuromuscular individuals.

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Protocol for diaphragm pacing in patients with respiratory muscle weakness due to motor neurone disease (DiPALS): a randomised controlled trial.
Author: McDermott C, Maguire C, Cooper CL, Ackroyd R, Baird WO, Baudouin S, Bentley A, Bianchi S, Bourke S, Bradburn MJ, Dixon S, Ealing J, Galloway S, Karat D, Maynard N, Morrison K, Mustfa N, Stradling J, Talbot K, Williams T, Shaw PJ.
Affiliation: Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK.
Journal: BioMed Central Neurology
Citation: 2012 Aug 16;12:74.
Publication Year and Month: 2012 08

Abstract: BACKGROUND:
Motor neurone disease (MND) is a devastating illness which leads to muscle weakness and death, usually within 2-3 years of symptom onset. Respiratory insufficiency is a common cause of morbidity, particularly in later stages of MND and respiratory complications are the leading cause of mortality in MND patients. Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV) is the current standard therapy to manage respiratory insufficiency. Some MND patients however do not tolerate NIV due to a number of issues including mask interface problems and claustrophobia. In those that do tolerate NIV, eventually respiratory muscle weakness will progress to a point at which intermittent/overnight NIV is ineffective. The NeuRx RA/4 Diaphragm Pacing System was originally developed for patients with respiratory insufficiency and diaphragm paralysis secondary to stable high spinal cord injuries. The DiPALS study will assess the effect of diaphragm pacing (DP) when used to treat patients with MND and respiratory insufficiency.

METHOD/DESIGN:
108 patients will be recruited to the study at 5 sites in the UK. Patients will be randomised to either receive NIV (current standard care) or receive DP in addition to NIV. Study participants will be required to complete outcome measures at 5 follow up time points (2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) plus an additional surgery and 1 week post operative visit for those in the DP group. 12 patients (and their carers) from the DP group will also be asked to complete 2 qualitative interviews.

DISCUSSION:
The primary objective of this trial will be to evaluate the effect of Diaphragm Pacing (DP) on survival over the study duration in patients with MND with respiratory muscle weakness. The project is funded by the National Institute for Health Research, Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme (project number 09/55/33) and the Motor Neurone Disease Association and the Henry Smith Charity.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Respiratory Muscle In Post-Polio Syndrome: Highlights
Author: Marco Orsini, Mauricio De Sant Anna, Carlos Henrique Melo Reis, Ricardo Martello, Eduardo Trajano,
Carlos Eduardo Cardoso, Marcos RG de Feritas and Acary SB Oliveira
Affiliation: Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University and Masters Program in Local Devolopment - Unisuam. CASF Ramon Freitas - Neurology
Service- Nova Iguaçu- RJ- Brazil

IFRJ. Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. Physical Therapy Service

Rio de Janeiro Federal University - UFRJ, Brazil

Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University- Brazil

Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University

Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University

Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - Neurology Service - UFRJ

São Paulo Federal University - Unifesp - Neurology Service - Brazil
Journal: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR)
Citation:
Publication Year and Month: 2018 11

Abstract: The main function of the respiratory muscles is the movement
of the thoracic wall, thus exerting ventilation, and the increase in
the work of this muscle is directly proportional to the intensity
of the activity performed De Troyer et al. [1-3]. During basal
respiration, the slow-twitch fibers are used, while the fast-twitch
fibers are recruited because of increased heart rate Sinderby et
al. [4]. The diaphragm moves caudal approximately 1 to 3cm.
Under conditions of ventilatory effort this incursion can reach
up to 10cm. For an adequate work performed by the ventilatory
muscles, approximately 1 to 3% of the oxygen consumption
(VO2) Kress et al. [5,6]. Several clinical conditions can modify
this process, leading to a greater demand for breathing muscles,
such as obesity Sant Anna Junior M et al. [7], chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, heart failure, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
among others.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: 1246: Missed chronic respiratory failure in a post-polio syndrome patient
Author: Aljasmi M, Agarwal K, Uppalapati S, Bazan L
Affiliation: Not stated
Journal: Critical Care Medicine
Citation: Crit Care Med. 2015 Dec;43(12 Suppl 1):313
Publication Year and Month: 2015 12

Abstract: This is a brief Case Report which does not have an abstract. This is an extract:

INTRODUCTION: Prior to the introduction of the polio vaccine, paralytic poliomyelitis was a major cause of morbidity and death. Twenty-five to fifty percent of the survivors are known to develop post-polio syndrome. Symptoms include fatigue, insidious respiratory failure, obstructive sleep apnea, bulbar neuropathy, central ventilatory abnormalities, hemi-diaphragmatic paralysis and progressive functional decline with new onset weakness, among others. We present a case of post-polio syndrome presenting with hypercapnic respiratory failure.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Central Sleep Apnea: a Brief Review
Author: M. Safwan Badr and Shahrokh Javaheri
Affiliation: 1.Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical; Care and Sleep MedicineWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUSA
2.John D. Dingell VA Medical CenterWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUSA
3.Sleep LaboratoryBethesda North HospitalCincinnatiUSA
4.Division of Pulmonary Sleep and Critical Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiUSA
5.Division of CardiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusUSA
Journal: Current Pulmonology Reports
Citation: pp 1–8
Publication Year and Month: 2019 03

Abstract: Purpose of Review
The purpose of this review is to discuss the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment, including areas of controversy and uncertainty.

Recent Findings
Central apnea may be due to hypoventilation or to hypocapnia following hyperventilation. The occurrence of central apnea initiates a cascade of events that perpetuates breathing instability, recurrent central apnea, and upper airway narrowing. In fact, breathing instability and upper airway narrowing are key elements of central and obstructive apnea. Clinically, central apnea is noted in association with obstructive sleep apnea, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular accident tetraplegia, and chronic opioid use. Management strategies for central apnea aim to eliminate abnormal respiratory events, stabilize sleep, and alleviate the underlying clinical condition. Positive pressure therapy (PAP) remains a standard therapy for central as well as obstructive apnea. Other treatment options include adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV), supplemental oxygen, phrenic nerve stimulation, and pharmacologic therapy. However, ASV is contraindicated in patients with central sleep apnea who had heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, owing to increased mortality in this population.

Conclusions: There are several therapeutic options for central apnea. Randomized controlled studies are needed to ascertain the long-term effectiveness of individual, or combination, treatment modalities in different types of central apnea.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Late Effects of Polio, Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Post-Polio Syndrome Causing Late Onset Respiratory Failure
Author: Sharon Enghelberg MD, Itamar Y. Love MD and Micha Rapoport MD
Affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine C, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
Journal: Israel Medical Association Journal (IMAJ)
Citation: 2020; 22: 395–396
Publication Year and Month: 2020

Abstract: CASE STUDY:
We present a patient with thoracic cage deformity and chronic progressive hypoventilation due to late onset PPS.

Conclusions: PPS can be a significant cause for respiratory deterioration in patients with
previous history of poliomyelitis. Physicians should be aware of this potential
diagnosis, as early diagnosis can facilitate individualized treatment plan and
prevent unnecessary examinations and mistreatment.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

Availability of Paper: The full text of this paper has been generously made available by the publisher.

Comments (if any): KEY WORDS: dyspnea, polio, post-polio syndrome
(PPS), respiratory failure, restrictive
lung disease

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Lung function in post-poliomyelitis syndrome: a cross-sectional study
Author: Lira CABD, Minozzo FC, Sousa BS, Vancini RL, Andrade MDS, Quadros AAJ, Oliveira ASB, Silva ACD.
Affiliation: Federal University of Goiás at Jataí, Jataí, Brazil - [email protected]
Journal: Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia (Brazilian Journal of Pulmonology)
Citation: J Bras Pneumol. 2013 Jun-Aug; 39(4): 455–460. doi: 10.1590/S1806-37132013000400009
Publication Year and Month: 2013 08

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare lung function between patients with post-poliomyelitis syndrome and those with sequelae of paralytic poliomyelitis (without any signs or symptoms of post-poliomyelitis syndrome), as well as between patients with post-poliomyelitis syndrome and healthy controls.

METHODS: Twenty-nine male participants were assigned to one of three groups: control; poliomyelitis (comprising patients who had had paralytic poliomyelitis but had not developed post-poliomyelitis syndrome); and post-poliomyelitis syndrome. Volunteers underwent lung function measurements (spirometry and respiratory muscle strength assessment).

RESULTS: The results of the spirometric assessment revealed no significant differences among the groups except for an approximately 27% lower mean maximal voluntary ventilation in the post-poliomyelitis syndrome group when compared with the control group (p = 0.0127). Nevertheless, the maximal voluntary ventilation values for the post-poliomyelitis group were compared with those for the Brazilian population and were found to be normal. No significant differences were observed in respiratory muscle strength among the groups.

Conclusions: With the exception of lower maximal voluntary ventilation, there was no significant lung function impairment in outpatients diagnosed with post-poliomyelitis syndrome when compared with healthy subjects and with patients with sequelae of poliomyelitis without post-poliomyelitis syndrome. This is an important clinical finding because it shows that patients with post-poliomyelitis syndrome can have preserved lung function.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable.

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Diaphragmatic dysfunction
Author: J.Ricoy, N.Rodríguez-Núñez, J.M.Álvarez-Dobaño, M.E.Toubes, V.Riveiro, L.Valdés
Affiliation: Pneumology Service, University Hospital Complex of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Interdisciplinary Research Group in Pulmonology, Institute of Sanitary Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Journal: Journal of Pulmonology
Citation: PULMOE-1323;No. of Pages 13
Publication Year and Month: 2018

Abstract: The diaphragm is the main breathing muscle and contraction of the diaphragm is vital for ventilation so any disease that interferes with diaphragmatic innervation, contractile muscle function, or mechanical coupling to the chest wall can cause diaphragm dysfunction. Diaphragm dysfunction is associated with dyspnoea, intolerance to exercise, sleep disturbances, hypersomnia, with a potential impact on survival.

Diagnosis of diaphragm dysfunction is based on static and dynamic imaging tests (especially ultrasound) and pulmonary function and phrenic nerve stimulation tests. Treatment will depend on the symptoms and causes of the disease. The management of diaphragm dysfunction may include observation in asymptomatic patients with unilateral dysfunction, surgery (i.e., plication of the diaphragm), placement of a diaphragmatic pacemaker or invasive and/or non-invasive mechanical ventilation in symptomatic patients with bilateral paralysis of the diaphragm. This type of patient should be treated in experienced centres.

This review aims to provide an overview of the problem, with special emphasis on the diseases that cause diaphragmatic dysfunction and the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures most commonly employed in clinical practice. The ultimate goal is to establish a standard of care for diaphragmatic dysfunction.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Physiologic events initiating REM sleep in patients with the postpolio syndrome
Author: H. Siegel, C. McCutchen, M.C. Dalakas, A. Freeman, B. Graham, D. Alling, S. Sato
Affiliation:
Journal: Neurology
Citation: February 1, 1999, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.52.3.516
Publication Year and Month: 1999 02

Abstract: Background: We previously studied the occurrence of muscle tone reduction (MTR), sawtooth waves (STW), and REM in sleep, and found a stereotypical sequence of these events in normal subjects. Patients with the postpolio syndrome may have involvement of the reticular formation in the brainstem, an area known to mediate initiation of REM sleep. We hypothesized that such brainstem pathology might affect the stereotyped sequence of events initiating REM sleep.

Methods: We measured the latencies to the onsets of the first MTR, the first STW, and the first REM in 13 patients with postpolio syndrome, 7 of whom had bulbar involvement. All latencies were calculated from the last body movement before the onset of REM sleep.

Results: Using analysis of variance, we found highly significant differences among the overall mean latencies of the three types of onset (MTR, STW, REM) and also between the mean latencies of the two subgroups of patients (bulbar, nonbulbar). Although the latencies for the entire group were longer than those of the normal volunteers, the differences were not significant. However, when the bulbar and nonbulbar groups were compared, analysis of variance showed significantly longer latencies for the bulbar group than for the nonbulbar group (p < 0.0001). The values for the nonbulbar patients closely resembled those for the normal controls. Although the latencies differed, the slopes of the regressions of REM on STW, STW on MTR, and REM on MTR resembled each other closely (p = 0.924).

Conclusions: Conclusion: Prolongation of these latencies may be due to prolonged recruitment time for neurons in the pontine tegmentum, following damage from polio. This may be a sensitive marker of a brainstem lesion, and may also represent a type of sleep pathology not previously explored.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Pulmonary dysfunction and its management in post-polio patients
Author: John R. Bach, Margaret Tiltona.


Affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Director of the Center for Ventilator Management Alternatives, University Hospital, Newark.
Journal: NeuroRehabilitation
Citation: NeuroRehabilitation 8 (1997) 139-153
Publication Year and Month: 1997

Abstract: Respiratory dysfunction is extremely common and entails considerable risk of morbidity and mortality for individuals with past poliomyelitis. Although it is usually primarily due to respiratory muscle weakness, post-poliomyelitis individuals also have a high incidence of scoliosis, obesity, sleep disordered breathing, and bulbar muscle dysfunction. Although these factors can result in chronic alveolar hypoventilation (CAH) and frequent pulmonary complications and hospitalizations, CAH is usually not recognized until acute respiratory failure complicates an otherwise benign upper respiratory tract infection. The use of non-invasive inspiratory and expiratory muscle aids, however, can decrease the risk of acute respiratory failure, hospitalizations for respiratory complications, and need to resort to tracheal intubation. Timely introduction of non-invasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), manually assisted coughing, and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E) and non-invasive blood gas monitoring which can most often be performed in the home setting, are the principle interventions for avoiding complications and maintaining optimal quality of life.

Conclusions: The failure to make timely appropriate management decisions often leads to episodes of acute respiratory failure and unnecessary hospitalizations, endotracheal intubations, bronchoscopies, and tracheostomies. The use of these invasive approaches adversely affects quality of life and can increase the risk of pulmonary complications and mortality for post-poliomyelitis patients [47]. Episodes of acute respiratory failure which most often result from otherwise benign upper respiratory tract infections can be reversed by the timely use of non-invasive respiratory muscle aids.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Poliomyelitis: late respiratory complications and management
Author: Fischer DA
Affiliation: Not stated
Journal: Orthopedics
Citation: Orthopedics. 1985 Jul; 8(7):891-4
Publication Year and Month: 1985 07

Abstract: One hundred forty-six respiratory polios have been reviewed for complications and current respiratory aids. One hundred thirty-eight of these people required respirator assistance at the onset of their poliomyelitis infection. Fifteen patients have kyphoscoliosis. Seventy-five percent of the total patients require some assisted ventilation. Fifty-two percent have tracheostomies. Most of these people have been followed at Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center for many years. The literature regarding late respiratory complications of polio is reviewed.

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Pulmonary Dysfunction and Sleep Disordered Breathing as Post-Polio Sequelae: Evaluation and Management
Author: John R. Bach, MD and Augusta S. Alba, MD
Affiliation: New Jersey Medical School of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, and the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital; Department of Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University and Godwater Memorial Hospital, New York, NY.
Journal: Orthopedics
Citation: Orthopedics December 1991 Vol 14 No 12 1329-1337.
Publication Year and Month: 1991

Abstract: Post-polio sequelae can include sleep disordered breathing and chronic alveolar hypoventilation (CAH). Both conditions develop insidiously and can render the post-polio survivor susceptible to cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality when not treated in a timely and appropriate manner. These conditions can be diagnosed by a combination of spirometry, noninvasive blood gas monitoring, and ambulatory polysomnography. Sleep disordered breathing is most frequently managed by nasal continuous positive airway pressure, while tracheostomy ventilation is the most common treatment for ventilatory failure. We report the more effective and comfortable techniques recently made available for managing sleep disordered breathing and the use of noninvasive treatment options for CAH, respiratory failure, and impaired airway clearance mechanisms. One hundred forty-three cases are reviewed.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Comparison of activity and fatigue of the respiratory muscles and pulmonary characteristics between post-polio patients and controls: A pilot study
Author: David Shoseyov, Tali Cohen-Kaufman, Isabella Schwartz, Sigal Portnoy,
Affiliation: Pediatric department, Hadassah Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation department, Hadassah Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
Department of Physiotherapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Department of Occupational Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
National Yang-Ming University, TAIWAN
Journal: PLoS One
Citation: 2017; 12(7): e0182036.
Publication Year and Month: 2017 07

Abstract: Objectives
To compare pulmonary function measures, maximal respiratory pressure and fatigue of respiratory muscles between patients with Post-Polio Syndrome (PPS) and controls.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Patients
Patients with PPS (N = 12; age 62.1±11.6 years) able to walk for 6 minutes without human assistance; age-matched controls with no history of polio or pulmonary dysfunction (N = 12; age 62.2±6.5 years).

Measurements
A body plethysmograph was used to quantify Residual Volume (RV), Total Lung Capacity (TLC), and Thoracic Gas Volume (TGV) etc. A manometer was used to measure Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure. A spirometer was used to measure Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV). Surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded diaphragmatic muscle activity while performing MVV.

Results
The control group had significantly higher TGV and showed improvement in MIP following the effort (difference of 5.5±4.0cmH2O) while the PPS group showed deterioration in MIP (difference of -2.5±5.0cmH2O). Subjects with scoliosis had significantly higher RV/TLC values compared with subjects without scoliosis. The 25th frequency percentile of the sEMG signal acquired during MVV was reduced in the PPS group.

Conclusions: Maximal respiratory pressure test and sEMG measurements may identify fatigue of respiratory muscles in patients with PPS. Early diagnosis of respiratory impairment may delay respiratory decline and future need of invasive respiratory aids.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Feasibility of lung volume recruitment in early neuromuscular weakness: a comparison between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myotonic dystrophy, and postpolio syndrome
Author: Kaminska M (1,2), Browman F (3), Trojan DA (4), Genge A (4), Benedetti A (2,5), Petrof BJ (6,7)
Affiliation: (1) Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, D05.2504 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1; (2) Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (3) Department of Respiratory Therapy, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (4) Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (5) Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (6) Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (7) Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, D05.2506 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1
Journal: PM&R: The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation
Citation: PM R. 2015 Apr;1-8
Publication Year and Month: 2015 04

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Lung volume recruitment (LVR) is a cough assistance technique used in persons with neuromuscular disorders (NMDs), most typically in those requiring noninvasive ventilation (NIV). Whether it may be useful in persons with NMDs who have milder respiratory impairment is unknown.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility, impact on quality of life (QOL), and preliminary physiological effects of daily LVR in different categories of persons with NMDs who have an early stage of respiratory impairment.

DESIGN: Feasibility study.

SETTING: Academic tertiary care center.

PARTICIPANTS: Outpatients diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n = 8), postpolio syndrome (n = 10), and myotonic dystrophy (n = 6) who had restrictive respiratory defects but were not yet using NIV.

METHODS: Participants were asked to perform LVR up to 4 times daily and log their LVR use in a diary. Physiological measurements and questionnaires were completed at baseline and after 3 months.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Compliance with LVR use was assessed, along with QOL and willingness to continue the treatment. Physiological measurements included forced vital capacity (FVC), lung insufflation capacity (LIC), and the LIC minus FVC difference.

RESULTS: Of the 24 recruited subjects, 7 with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 7 with postpolio syndrome, and 5 with myotonic dystrophy completed the study (n = 19). At baseline, mean values for FVC and spontaneous peak cough flow were 59.9% predicted and 373.1 L/min, respectively. For subjects completing the study, 74% were willing to continue long-term LVR use, and QOL scores were not adversely affected by LVR in any NMD subgroup. The LIC-FVC difference increased from baseline to follow-up by a mean of 0.243 L (P = .006) in all subjects (n = 19), suggesting a possible improvement in respiratory system mechanics.

Conclusions: In patients with NMDs who have early restrictive respiratory defects but do not yet require NIV, regular use of LVR is feasible with no negative impact on QOL over a 3-month period and may have physiological benefits. Further work is needed to determine whether early institution of LVR can improve respiratory system mechanics and help delay ventilatory failure in persons with NMDs.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Respiratory adjuncts to NIV in neuromuscular disease
Author: Nicole Sheers, Mark E. Howard, David J. Berlowitz
Affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Journal: Respirology
Citation: Asian Pacific Society of Respirology (2018) doi: 10.1111/resp.13431
Publication Year and Month: 2018

Abstract: Muscle weakness is an intrinsic feature of neuromuscular diseases (NMD). When the respiratory muscles are involved, the ability to take a deep breath is compromised, leading to reduced lung volumes and a restrictive ventilatory impairment. Inspiratory, expiratory and bulbar muscle weakness can also impair cough, which may impede secretion clearance. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is an established and indispensable therapy to manage hypoventilation and respiratory failure. The role of other therapies that support respiratory health is less clearly defined, and the evidence of efficacy is also harder to summarize as the underlying data are of a lesser quality. This narrative review appraises the evidence for respiratory therapies in adults with NMD and respiratory system involvement. Techniques that assist lung inflation and augment cough, such as lung volume recruitment (LVR) and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E), are a particular focus of this review.The evidence suggests that LVR, MI-E and various com-binations thereof have clinical utility generally, but important methodological limitations limit the strength of clinical recommendations and hamper the integration of evidence into practice.

Conclusions: Future trials should prospectively assess the long-term impact of LVR and cough augmentation on clinical outcomes and burden of care in addition to lung mechanics, as well as deter-mine clear predictors of benefit from these techniques.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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There are currently 21 papers in this category.

Category: Cardiorespiratory, Late Effects of Polio, Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Living the Present with an Enemy from the Past: The Role of Noninvasive Ventilation in a Poliomyelitis Survivor
Author: Adelaide Alves, Sara Conde, and Carla Ribeiro
Affiliation: Pulmonology Department of Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
Journal:
Citation: Clin Case Rep Open Access. 2021;4(2):185.
https://dx.doi.org/10.46527/2582-5038.185
Publication Year and Month: 2021 04

Abstract: Poliomyelitis epidemics of the twentieth century boosted the development of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation which has changed the natural history and extended survival in a wide range of disorders with chest wall and muscular involvement. Poliomyelitis has almost been eradicated from developed countries since the introduction of vaccination. However, challenges keep coming since there are a substantial number of survivors of the disease who need particular clinical care, namely in the respiratory field. We present a case report of a polio survivor attempting to demonstrate that even after so many years the respiratory approach of these patients remains a current issue in clinical practice with noninvasive ventilation as a cornerstone element.

Keywords: Poliomyelitis; Respiratory failure; Noninvasive ventilation

Conclusions: Finally, we should be aware of a post-polio syndrome referring to a sub-category of the late effects of polio several years following the initial recovery, including muscle weakness and fatigability [11]. This late muscle involvement may also affect the respiratory muscles leading to chronic respiratory failure several years after primary infection [12,13].

For all these reasons, polio continues to represent a current clinical condition in the field of Pulmonology not only because there are many survivors with established thoracic deformities and neuromuscular involvement, but also because of the possibility of late respiratory effects.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Late Effects of Polio, Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Post-Polio Syndrome Causing Late Onset Respiratory Failure
Author: Sharon Enghelberg MD, Itamar Y. Love MD and Micha Rapoport MD
Affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine C, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
Journal: Israel Medical Association Journal (IMAJ)
Citation: 2020; 22: 395–396
Publication Year and Month: 2020

Abstract: CASE STUDY:
We present a patient with thoracic cage deformity and chronic progressive hypoventilation due to late onset PPS.

Conclusions: PPS can be a significant cause for respiratory deterioration in patients with
previous history of poliomyelitis. Physicians should be aware of this potential
diagnosis, as early diagnosis can facilitate individualized treatment plan and
prevent unnecessary examinations and mistreatment.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Comments (if any): KEY WORDS: dyspnea, polio, post-polio syndrome
(PPS), respiratory failure, restrictive
lung disease

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Central Sleep Apnea: a Brief Review
Author: M. Safwan Badr and Shahrokh Javaheri
Affiliation: 1.Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical; Care and Sleep MedicineWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUSA
2.John D. Dingell VA Medical CenterWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUSA
3.Sleep LaboratoryBethesda North HospitalCincinnatiUSA
4.Division of Pulmonary Sleep and Critical Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiUSA
5.Division of CardiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusUSA
Journal: Current Pulmonology Reports
Citation: pp 1–8
Publication Year and Month: 2019 03

Abstract: Purpose of Review
The purpose of this review is to discuss the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment, including areas of controversy and uncertainty.

Recent Findings
Central apnea may be due to hypoventilation or to hypocapnia following hyperventilation. The occurrence of central apnea initiates a cascade of events that perpetuates breathing instability, recurrent central apnea, and upper airway narrowing. In fact, breathing instability and upper airway narrowing are key elements of central and obstructive apnea. Clinically, central apnea is noted in association with obstructive sleep apnea, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular accident tetraplegia, and chronic opioid use. Management strategies for central apnea aim to eliminate abnormal respiratory events, stabilize sleep, and alleviate the underlying clinical condition. Positive pressure therapy (PAP) remains a standard therapy for central as well as obstructive apnea. Other treatment options include adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV), supplemental oxygen, phrenic nerve stimulation, and pharmacologic therapy. However, ASV is contraindicated in patients with central sleep apnea who had heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, owing to increased mortality in this population.

Conclusions: There are several therapeutic options for central apnea. Randomized controlled studies are needed to ascertain the long-term effectiveness of individual, or combination, treatment modalities in different types of central apnea.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: A Short History of Medical Expert Guidelines and How They Pertain to Tracheostomy Tubes and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author: Bach JR
Affiliation: Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department of PM&R, Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Medical Director of the Center for Ventilator Management Alternatives and Pulmonary Rehabilitation of the University Hospital, of the Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA. [email protected].
Journal: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Citation: 2019 Feb 27. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001172.
Publication Year and Month: 2019 02

Abstract: Continuous noninvasive ventilatory support (CNVS) and mechanical insufflation exsufflation (MIE) have been used since 1953 to spare patients with ventilatory pump failure from ever requiring tracheostomy tubes for ventilatory support or secretion management. Today there are patients with spinal muscular atrophy type 1 who are 25 years old and CNVS dependent since 4 months or age, post-polio survivors CNVS dependent for 64 years, Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients over age 45 CNVS dependent for over 25 years, high level spinal cord injured patients CNVS dependent for over 20 years, and even lung disease patients dependent on CNVS. All these patients, although unweanable from ventilatory support and with little or no measurable vital capacity, can also be extubated to CNVS and MIE without resort to tracheotomies when necessary to continue CNVS. However, for various reasons, this is not cited in academic society expert guidelines. This article considers the extent of the damage being caused by this.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Respiratory Muscle In Post-Polio Syndrome: Highlights
Author: Marco Orsini, Mauricio De Sant Anna, Carlos Henrique Melo Reis, Ricardo Martello, Eduardo Trajano,
Carlos Eduardo Cardoso, Marcos RG de Feritas and Acary SB Oliveira
Affiliation: Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University and Masters Program in Local Devolopment - Unisuam. CASF Ramon Freitas - Neurology
Service- Nova Iguaçu- RJ- Brazil

IFRJ. Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. Physical Therapy Service

Rio de Janeiro Federal University - UFRJ, Brazil

Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University- Brazil

Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University

Masters Program in Science Applied Health - Vassouras University

Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - Neurology Service - UFRJ

São Paulo Federal University - Unifesp - Neurology Service - Brazil
Journal: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR)
Citation:
Publication Year and Month: 2018 11

Abstract: The main function of the respiratory muscles is the movement
of the thoracic wall, thus exerting ventilation, and the increase in
the work of this muscle is directly proportional to the intensity
of the activity performed De Troyer et al. [1-3]. During basal
respiration, the slow-twitch fibers are used, while the fast-twitch
fibers are recruited because of increased heart rate Sinderby et
al. [4]. The diaphragm moves caudal approximately 1 to 3cm.
Under conditions of ventilatory effort this incursion can reach
up to 10cm. For an adequate work performed by the ventilatory
muscles, approximately 1 to 3% of the oxygen consumption
(VO2) Kress et al. [5,6]. Several clinical conditions can modify
this process, leading to a greater demand for breathing muscles,
such as obesity Sant Anna Junior M et al. [7], chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, heart failure, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
among others.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Sleep disordered breathing in adult with polio sequelae: A case control study of predictive factors
Author: A.Leotard, A.Pages, M.Salga, G.Genet, J.Levy, M.A.Quera-Salva, F.Genet
Affiliation: Hopital R.-Poincaré, Sleep unit, Garches, France

Hopital R.-Poincaré, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Garches, France
Journal: Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
Citation: Volume 61, Supplement, July 2018, Page e72

Publication Year and Month: 2018 07

Abstract: Introduction/Background
Estimates of sleep disorder breathing (SDB) prevalence are higher in patients with polio sequelae than in general population, ranging from 50% to 65%. No specific predictive factors have been described in our knowledge. The aim of this study was to identify SDB predictive factors among polio survivors.

Material and method
A case control study including patients with polio sequelae with confirmed SDB (apnea hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5; n = 38) compared to polio patients with AHI ≤ 5 or negative Berlin questionnaire (n = 114). Matching criteria were: sex, age at evaluation, and body mass index (BMI). For each patient, age at acute polio, bulbar, trunk, and lower limbs involvement, scoliosis, current walking abilities and history of arthrodesis, brace or iron lung were assessed using preexisting database and medical charts. SDB symptoms, Berlin questionnaire and AHI using polysomnographic reports were also assessed retrospectively.

Results
Among the 362 polio patients from our systematic database 152 (38 cases and 114 controls) were matched for comparison. SDB ratio was significantly higher in patients with bulbar involvement at acute polio (100% vs. 22.5%), trunk involvement at acute polio (41.9% vs. 18.4%), bulbar involvement at evaluation (100% vs. 23%), scoliosis (38.6% vs. 13.8%) and non-walking patients (50% vs. 22.5%) compared with polio controls. Multivariate analysis only shown scoliosis to be associated with SDB in those patients (OR = 2.72 (95% CI: 1.10–6.95); P = 0.03).

Conclusions: Despite there was an increased ratio of SDB in patients with bulbar and trunk involvement, only scoliosis seems to specifically increase the risk of SDB occurrence among polio survivors. In those patients, symptoms suggestive of SDB should be searched for systematically, especially in case of trunk deformities.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Respiratory adjuncts to NIV in neuromuscular disease
Author: Nicole Sheers, Mark E. Howard, David J. Berlowitz
Affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Journal: Respirology
Citation: Asian Pacific Society of Respirology (2018) doi: 10.1111/resp.13431
Publication Year and Month: 2018

Abstract: Muscle weakness is an intrinsic feature of neuromuscular diseases (NMD). When the respiratory muscles are involved, the ability to take a deep breath is compromised, leading to reduced lung volumes and a restrictive ventilatory impairment. Inspiratory, expiratory and bulbar muscle weakness can also impair cough, which may impede secretion clearance. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is an established and indispensable therapy to manage hypoventilation and respiratory failure. The role of other therapies that support respiratory health is less clearly defined, and the evidence of efficacy is also harder to summarize as the underlying data are of a lesser quality. This narrative review appraises the evidence for respiratory therapies in adults with NMD and respiratory system involvement. Techniques that assist lung inflation and augment cough, such as lung volume recruitment (LVR) and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E), are a particular focus of this review.The evidence suggests that LVR, MI-E and various com-binations thereof have clinical utility generally, but important methodological limitations limit the strength of clinical recommendations and hamper the integration of evidence into practice.

Conclusions: Future trials should prospectively assess the long-term impact of LVR and cough augmentation on clinical outcomes and burden of care in addition to lung mechanics, as well as deter-mine clear predictors of benefit from these techniques.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Diaphragmatic dysfunction
Author: J.Ricoy, N.Rodríguez-Núñez, J.M.Álvarez-Dobaño, M.E.Toubes, V.Riveiro, L.Valdés
Affiliation: Pneumology Service, University Hospital Complex of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Interdisciplinary Research Group in Pulmonology, Institute of Sanitary Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Journal: Journal of Pulmonology
Citation: PULMOE-1323;No. of Pages 13
Publication Year and Month: 2018

Abstract: The diaphragm is the main breathing muscle and contraction of the diaphragm is vital for ventilation so any disease that interferes with diaphragmatic innervation, contractile muscle function, or mechanical coupling to the chest wall can cause diaphragm dysfunction. Diaphragm dysfunction is associated with dyspnoea, intolerance to exercise, sleep disturbances, hypersomnia, with a potential impact on survival.

Diagnosis of diaphragm dysfunction is based on static and dynamic imaging tests (especially ultrasound) and pulmonary function and phrenic nerve stimulation tests. Treatment will depend on the symptoms and causes of the disease. The management of diaphragm dysfunction may include observation in asymptomatic patients with unilateral dysfunction, surgery (i.e., plication of the diaphragm), placement of a diaphragmatic pacemaker or invasive and/or non-invasive mechanical ventilation in symptomatic patients with bilateral paralysis of the diaphragm. This type of patient should be treated in experienced centres.

This review aims to provide an overview of the problem, with special emphasis on the diseases that cause diaphragmatic dysfunction and the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures most commonly employed in clinical practice. The ultimate goal is to establish a standard of care for diaphragmatic dysfunction.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Comparison of activity and fatigue of the respiratory muscles and pulmonary characteristics between post-polio patients and controls: A pilot study
Author: David Shoseyov, Tali Cohen-Kaufman, Isabella Schwartz, Sigal Portnoy,
Affiliation: Pediatric department, Hadassah Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation department, Hadassah Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
Department of Physiotherapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Department of Occupational Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
National Yang-Ming University, TAIWAN
Journal: PLoS One
Citation: 2017; 12(7): e0182036.
Publication Year and Month: 2017 07

Abstract: Objectives
To compare pulmonary function measures, maximal respiratory pressure and fatigue of respiratory muscles between patients with Post-Polio Syndrome (PPS) and controls.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Patients
Patients with PPS (N = 12; age 62.1±11.6 years) able to walk for 6 minutes without human assistance; age-matched controls with no history of polio or pulmonary dysfunction (N = 12; age 62.2±6.5 years).

Measurements
A body plethysmograph was used to quantify Residual Volume (RV), Total Lung Capacity (TLC), and Thoracic Gas Volume (TGV) etc. A manometer was used to measure Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure. A spirometer was used to measure Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV). Surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded diaphragmatic muscle activity while performing MVV.

Results
The control group had significantly higher TGV and showed improvement in MIP following the effort (difference of 5.5±4.0cmH2O) while the PPS group showed deterioration in MIP (difference of -2.5±5.0cmH2O). Subjects with scoliosis had significantly higher RV/TLC values compared with subjects without scoliosis. The 25th frequency percentile of the sEMG signal acquired during MVV was reduced in the PPS group.

Conclusions: Maximal respiratory pressure test and sEMG measurements may identify fatigue of respiratory muscles in patients with PPS. Early diagnosis of respiratory impairment may delay respiratory decline and future need of invasive respiratory aids.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: 1246: Missed chronic respiratory failure in a post-polio syndrome patient
Author: Aljasmi M, Agarwal K, Uppalapati S, Bazan L
Affiliation: Not stated
Journal: Critical Care Medicine
Citation: Crit Care Med. 2015 Dec;43(12 Suppl 1):313
Publication Year and Month: 2015 12

Abstract: This is a brief Case Report which does not have an abstract. This is an extract:

INTRODUCTION: Prior to the introduction of the polio vaccine, paralytic poliomyelitis was a major cause of morbidity and death. Twenty-five to fifty percent of the survivors are known to develop post-polio syndrome. Symptoms include fatigue, insidious respiratory failure, obstructive sleep apnea, bulbar neuropathy, central ventilatory abnormalities, hemi-diaphragmatic paralysis and progressive functional decline with new onset weakness, among others. We present a case of post-polio syndrome presenting with hypercapnic respiratory failure.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Cardiorespiratory, Late Effects of Polio, Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Obesity and Pulmonary Function in Polio Survivors
Author: Soo Jeong Han, MD, PhD (1), Jae-Young Lim, MD, PhD(2), Jee Hyun Suh, MD(1)
Affiliation: 1. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul;

2. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Journal: Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine
Citation: 2015;39(6):888-896
pISSN: 2234-0645 • eISSN: 2234-0653
http://dx.doi.org/10.5535/arm.2015.39.6.888
Publication Year and Month: 2015 06

Abstract: OBJECTIVE
To examine the correlation between obesity and pulmonary function in polio survivors.

METHODS
This study was conducted based on a questionnaire survey and physical examination. The questionnaire included gender, age, paralyzed regions, physical activity levels, and accompanying diseases. The physical examination included measuring body mass index, waist circumference, muscle power, total fat amount, body fat percentage, and lean body mass. In addition, pulmonary function was tested based on forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), ratio of FEV1 to FVC, and chest circumference. Five university hospitals and a local health clinic participated in this study.

RESULTS
Pearson and partial correlation coefficients that used data collected from 73 polio survivors showed that obesity had a negative correlation with pulmonary function.

CONCLUSION
This study found that pulmonary function has a negative correlation with obesity for polio survivors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop specialized exercise programs to help polio survivors reduce their weight and strengthen their respiratory muscles.

Conclusions: This study found that pulmonary function has a negative correlation with obesity for polio survivors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop specialized exercise programs to help polio survivors reduce their weight and strengthen their respiratory muscles.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Comments (if any): Keywords: Poliomyelitis, Obesity, Pulmonary function

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular disease
Author: Aboussouan LS
Affiliation: Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 May 1;191(9):979-89. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201412-2224CI
Publication Year and Month: 2015 05

Abstract: Sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular diseases is due to an exaggerated reduction in lung volumes during supine sleep, a compromised physiologic adaptation to sleep, and specific features of the diseases that may promote upper airway collapse or heart failure. The normal decrease in the rib cage contribution to the tidal volume during phasic REM sleep becomes a critical vulnerability, resulting in saw-tooth oxygen desaturation possibly representing the earliest manifestation of respiratory muscle weakness. Hypoventilation can occur in REM sleep and progress into non-REM sleep, with continuous desaturation and hypercarbia. Specific characteristics of neuromuscular disorders, such as pharyngeal neuropathy or weakness, macroglossia, bulbar manifestations, or low lung volumes, predispose patients to the development of obstructive events. Central sleep-disordered breathing can occur with associated cardiomyopathy (e.g., dystrophies) or from instability in the control of breathing due to diaphragm weakness. Mitigating factors such as recruitment of accessory respiratory muscles, reduction in REM sleep, and loss of normal REM atonia in some individuals may partially protect against sleep-disordered breathing. Noninvasive ventilation, a standard-of-care management option for sleep-disordered breathing, can itself trigger specific sleep-disordered breathing events including air leaks, patient-ventilator asynchrony, central sleep apnea, and glottic closure. These events increase arousals, reduce adherence, and impair sleep architecture. Polysomnography plays an important role in addressing pitfalls in the diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular diseases, identifying sleep-disordered breathing triggered by noninvasive ventilation, and optimizing noninvasive ventilation settings.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: Effective.

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Feasibility of lung volume recruitment in early neuromuscular weakness: a comparison between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myotonic dystrophy, and postpolio syndrome
Author: Kaminska M (1,2), Browman F (3), Trojan DA (4), Genge A (4), Benedetti A (2,5), Petrof BJ (6,7)
Affiliation: (1) Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, D05.2504 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1; (2) Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (3) Department of Respiratory Therapy, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (4) Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (5) Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (6) Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; (7) Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, D05.2506 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 3J1
Journal: PM&R: The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation
Citation: PM R. 2015 Apr;1-8
Publication Year and Month: 2015 04

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Lung volume recruitment (LVR) is a cough assistance technique used in persons with neuromuscular disorders (NMDs), most typically in those requiring noninvasive ventilation (NIV). Whether it may be useful in persons with NMDs who have milder respiratory impairment is unknown.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility, impact on quality of life (QOL), and preliminary physiological effects of daily LVR in different categories of persons with NMDs who have an early stage of respiratory impairment.

DESIGN: Feasibility study.

SETTING: Academic tertiary care center.

PARTICIPANTS: Outpatients diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n = 8), postpolio syndrome (n = 10), and myotonic dystrophy (n = 6) who had restrictive respiratory defects but were not yet using NIV.

METHODS: Participants were asked to perform LVR up to 4 times daily and log their LVR use in a diary. Physiological measurements and questionnaires were completed at baseline and after 3 months.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Compliance with LVR use was assessed, along with QOL and willingness to continue the treatment. Physiological measurements included forced vital capacity (FVC), lung insufflation capacity (LIC), and the LIC minus FVC difference.

RESULTS: Of the 24 recruited subjects, 7 with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 7 with postpolio syndrome, and 5 with myotonic dystrophy completed the study (n = 19). At baseline, mean values for FVC and spontaneous peak cough flow were 59.9% predicted and 373.1 L/min, respectively. For subjects completing the study, 74% were willing to continue long-term LVR use, and QOL scores were not adversely affected by LVR in any NMD subgroup. The LIC-FVC difference increased from baseline to follow-up by a mean of 0.243 L (P = .006) in all subjects (n = 19), suggesting a possible improvement in respiratory system mechanics.

Conclusions: In patients with NMDs who have early restrictive respiratory defects but do not yet require NIV, regular use of LVR is feasible with no negative impact on QOL over a 3-month period and may have physiological benefits. Further work is needed to determine whether early institution of LVR can improve respiratory system mechanics and help delay ventilatory failure in persons with NMDs.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Lung function in post-poliomyelitis syndrome: a cross-sectional study
Author: Lira CABD, Minozzo FC, Sousa BS, Vancini RL, Andrade MDS, Quadros AAJ, Oliveira ASB, Silva ACD.
Affiliation: Federal University of Goiás at Jataí, Jataí, Brazil - [email protected]
Journal: Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia (Brazilian Journal of Pulmonology)
Citation: J Bras Pneumol. 2013 Jun-Aug; 39(4): 455–460. doi: 10.1590/S1806-37132013000400009
Publication Year and Month: 2013 08

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare lung function between patients with post-poliomyelitis syndrome and those with sequelae of paralytic poliomyelitis (without any signs or symptoms of post-poliomyelitis syndrome), as well as between patients with post-poliomyelitis syndrome and healthy controls.

METHODS: Twenty-nine male participants were assigned to one of three groups: control; poliomyelitis (comprising patients who had had paralytic poliomyelitis but had not developed post-poliomyelitis syndrome); and post-poliomyelitis syndrome. Volunteers underwent lung function measurements (spirometry and respiratory muscle strength assessment).

RESULTS: The results of the spirometric assessment revealed no significant differences among the groups except for an approximately 27% lower mean maximal voluntary ventilation in the post-poliomyelitis syndrome group when compared with the control group (p = 0.0127). Nevertheless, the maximal voluntary ventilation values for the post-poliomyelitis group were compared with those for the Brazilian population and were found to be normal. No significant differences were observed in respiratory muscle strength among the groups.

Conclusions: With the exception of lower maximal voluntary ventilation, there was no significant lung function impairment in outpatients diagnosed with post-poliomyelitis syndrome when compared with healthy subjects and with patients with sequelae of poliomyelitis without post-poliomyelitis syndrome. This is an important clinical finding because it shows that patients with post-poliomyelitis syndrome can have preserved lung function.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable.

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Protocol for diaphragm pacing in patients with respiratory muscle weakness due to motor neurone disease (DiPALS): a randomised controlled trial.
Author: McDermott C, Maguire C, Cooper CL, Ackroyd R, Baird WO, Baudouin S, Bentley A, Bianchi S, Bourke S, Bradburn MJ, Dixon S, Ealing J, Galloway S, Karat D, Maynard N, Morrison K, Mustfa N, Stradling J, Talbot K, Williams T, Shaw PJ.
Affiliation: Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK.
Journal: BioMed Central Neurology
Citation: 2012 Aug 16;12:74.
Publication Year and Month: 2012 08

Abstract: BACKGROUND:
Motor neurone disease (MND) is a devastating illness which leads to muscle weakness and death, usually within 2-3 years of symptom onset. Respiratory insufficiency is a common cause of morbidity, particularly in later stages of MND and respiratory complications are the leading cause of mortality in MND patients. Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV) is the current standard therapy to manage respiratory insufficiency. Some MND patients however do not tolerate NIV due to a number of issues including mask interface problems and claustrophobia. In those that do tolerate NIV, eventually respiratory muscle weakness will progress to a point at which intermittent/overnight NIV is ineffective. The NeuRx RA/4 Diaphragm Pacing System was originally developed for patients with respiratory insufficiency and diaphragm paralysis secondary to stable high spinal cord injuries. The DiPALS study will assess the effect of diaphragm pacing (DP) when used to treat patients with MND and respiratory insufficiency.

METHOD/DESIGN:
108 patients will be recruited to the study at 5 sites in the UK. Patients will be randomised to either receive NIV (current standard care) or receive DP in addition to NIV. Study participants will be required to complete outcome measures at 5 follow up time points (2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) plus an additional surgery and 1 week post operative visit for those in the DP group. 12 patients (and their carers) from the DP group will also be asked to complete 2 qualitative interviews.

DISCUSSION:
The primary objective of this trial will be to evaluate the effect of Diaphragm Pacing (DP) on survival over the study duration in patients with MND with respiratory muscle weakness. The project is funded by the National Institute for Health Research, Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme (project number 09/55/33) and the Motor Neurone Disease Association and the Henry Smith Charity.

Conclusions:

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation maintains adequate ventilation in post-polio patients with respiratory failure.
Author: Gillis-Haegerstrand C, Markström A, Barle H.
Affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. [email protected]
Journal: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
Citation: 2006 May;50(5):580-5
Publication Year and Month: 2006 05

Abstract: BACKGROUND:
Patients suffering from post-polio syndrome still contribute significantly to the number of patients with chronic respiratory failure requiring home mechanical ventilation (HMV). Many of these patients are treated either with invasive (tracheostomy) or non-invasive (nasal mask) controlled mechanical ventilation i.e. volume-controlled ventilation (VCV). In this group of patients, we have previously shown that bi-level pressure support ventilation (bi-level PSV) decreases the oxygen cost of breathing. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of bi-level PSV, with special regard to the adequacy of ventilation and the oxygen cost of breathing, during the patients' ordinary VCV and spontaneous breathing.

METHODS:
Eight post-polio patients on nocturnal VCV were investigated. Five of them were tracheostomized and three of them used a nasal mask. Work of breathing was analysed by assessing differences in oxygen consumption (VO2) using indirect calorimetry. Blood gases were obtained regularly to assess adequacy of ventilation.

RESULTS:
Bi-level PSV decreases the oxygen cost of breathing in post-polio patients with respiratory failure without decreasing ventilation efficiency. Furthermore, PaCO2 decreased significantly using this mode of ventilation (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: In this study, it was shown that bi-level PSV reduces the oxygen cost of breathing and gave a significant decrease in PaCO2 in PPS patients. These data suggest that bi-level PSV ventilation maintains adequate ventilation in patients who suffer from post-polio syndrome with respiratory failure.

Outcome of Research: More research required

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Physiologic events initiating REM sleep in patients with the postpolio syndrome
Author: H. Siegel, C. McCutchen, M.C. Dalakas, A. Freeman, B. Graham, D. Alling, S. Sato
Affiliation:
Journal: Neurology
Citation: February 1, 1999, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.52.3.516
Publication Year and Month: 1999 02

Abstract: Background: We previously studied the occurrence of muscle tone reduction (MTR), sawtooth waves (STW), and REM in sleep, and found a stereotypical sequence of these events in normal subjects. Patients with the postpolio syndrome may have involvement of the reticular formation in the brainstem, an area known to mediate initiation of REM sleep. We hypothesized that such brainstem pathology might affect the stereotyped sequence of events initiating REM sleep.

Methods: We measured the latencies to the onsets of the first MTR, the first STW, and the first REM in 13 patients with postpolio syndrome, 7 of whom had bulbar involvement. All latencies were calculated from the last body movement before the onset of REM sleep.

Results: Using analysis of variance, we found highly significant differences among the overall mean latencies of the three types of onset (MTR, STW, REM) and also between the mean latencies of the two subgroups of patients (bulbar, nonbulbar). Although the latencies for the entire group were longer than those of the normal volunteers, the differences were not significant. However, when the bulbar and nonbulbar groups were compared, analysis of variance showed significantly longer latencies for the bulbar group than for the nonbulbar group (p < 0.0001). The values for the nonbulbar patients closely resembled those for the normal controls. Although the latencies differed, the slopes of the regressions of REM on STW, STW on MTR, and REM on MTR resembled each other closely (p = 0.924).

Conclusions: Conclusion: Prolongation of these latencies may be due to prolonged recruitment time for neurons in the pontine tegmentum, following damage from polio. This may be a sensitive marker of a brainstem lesion, and may also represent a type of sleep pathology not previously explored.

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Pulmonary dysfunction and its management in post-polio patients
Author: John R. Bach, Margaret Tiltona.


Affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Director of the Center for Ventilator Management Alternatives, University Hospital, Newark.
Journal: NeuroRehabilitation
Citation: NeuroRehabilitation 8 (1997) 139-153
Publication Year and Month: 1997

Abstract: Respiratory dysfunction is extremely common and entails considerable risk of morbidity and mortality for individuals with past poliomyelitis. Although it is usually primarily due to respiratory muscle weakness, post-poliomyelitis individuals also have a high incidence of scoliosis, obesity, sleep disordered breathing, and bulbar muscle dysfunction. Although these factors can result in chronic alveolar hypoventilation (CAH) and frequent pulmonary complications and hospitalizations, CAH is usually not recognized until acute respiratory failure complicates an otherwise benign upper respiratory tract infection. The use of non-invasive inspiratory and expiratory muscle aids, however, can decrease the risk of acute respiratory failure, hospitalizations for respiratory complications, and need to resort to tracheal intubation. Timely introduction of non-invasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), manually assisted coughing, and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E) and non-invasive blood gas monitoring which can most often be performed in the home setting, are the principle interventions for avoiding complications and maintaining optimal quality of life.

Conclusions: The failure to make timely appropriate management decisions often leads to episodes of acute respiratory failure and unnecessary hospitalizations, endotracheal intubations, bronchoscopies, and tracheostomies. The use of these invasive approaches adversely affects quality of life and can increase the risk of pulmonary complications and mortality for post-poliomyelitis patients [47]. Episodes of acute respiratory failure which most often result from otherwise benign upper respiratory tract infections can be reversed by the timely use of non-invasive respiratory muscle aids.

Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Airway Secretion Clearance by Mechanical Exsufflation for Post-Poliomyelitis Ventilator-Assisted Individuals
Author: John R. Bach, William H. Smith, Jennifier Michaels, Lou Saporito, Augusta S. Alba, Rajeev Dayal, Jeffrey Pan.
Affiliation:
Journal: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil Vol 74:170-177, February 1993.
Publication Year and Month: 1992 03

Abstract: Pulmonary complications from impaired airway secretion clearance mechanisms are major causes of morbidity and mortality for post-poliomyelitis individuals. The purpose of this study was to review the long-term use of manually assisted coughing and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E) by post-poliomyelitis ventilator-assisted individuals (PVAIs) and to compare the peak cough expiratory flows (PCEF) created during unassisted and assisted coughing. Twenty-four PVAIs who have used noninvasive methods of ventilatory support for an average of 27 years, relied on methods of manually assisted coughing and/or MI-E without complications during intercurrent respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Nine of the 24 individuals were studied for PCEF. They had a mean forced vital capacity (FVC) of 0.54 ± 0.47L and a mean maximum insufflation capacity achieved by air stacking of ventilator insufflations and glossopharyngeal breathing of 1.7L. The PCEF were as follows: unassisted, 1.78 ± 1.16L/sec; following a maximum assisted insufflation, 3.75 ± 0.73L/sec; with manual assistance by abdominal compression following a maximum assisted insufflation, 4.64 ± 1.42L/sec; and with MI-E, 6.97 ± 0.89L/sec. We conclude that manually assisted coughing and MI-E are effective and safe methods of airway secretion clearance for PVAIs with impaired expiratory muscle function who would otherwise be managed by endotracheal suctioning. Severely decreased maximum insufflation capacity but not vital capacity indicate need for a tracheostomy.

Conclusions: Post-poliomyelitis individuals using noninvasive methods of ventilatory support have greater PCEF produced by manually assisted coughing and by MI-E than can be produced by unassisted coughing. Thus, if intubation and tracheostomy are to be avoided, it becomes crucial for these individuals and their caregivers to learn and have access to these methods, particularly during RTIs when expiratory muscle weakness is exacerbated.[55] These principles may also apply to individuals with severe expiratory muscle weakness due to other neuromuscular conditions. We believe that it is largely because of the lack of general knowledge of and access to MI-E that other centers are more likely to resort to intubation and tracheostomy for patients with advanced neuromuscular disease and RTIs. We conclude that loss of FVC in itself does not mandate the need for intubation or tracheostomy for ventilatory support. A maximum insufflation capacity below 500mL may be a better indicator. MI-E should be further explored as a convenient and probably more effective alternative to endotracheal suctioning for ventilator-supported neuromuscular individuals.

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Pulmonary Dysfunction and Sleep Disordered Breathing as Post-Polio Sequelae: Evaluation and Management
Author: John R. Bach, MD and Augusta S. Alba, MD
Affiliation: New Jersey Medical School of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, and the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital; Department of Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University and Godwater Memorial Hospital, New York, NY.
Journal: Orthopedics
Citation: Orthopedics December 1991 Vol 14 No 12 1329-1337.
Publication Year and Month: 1991

Abstract: Post-polio sequelae can include sleep disordered breathing and chronic alveolar hypoventilation (CAH). Both conditions develop insidiously and can render the post-polio survivor susceptible to cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality when not treated in a timely and appropriate manner. These conditions can be diagnosed by a combination of spirometry, noninvasive blood gas monitoring, and ambulatory polysomnography. Sleep disordered breathing is most frequently managed by nasal continuous positive airway pressure, while tracheostomy ventilation is the most common treatment for ventilatory failure. We report the more effective and comfortable techniques recently made available for managing sleep disordered breathing and the use of noninvasive treatment options for CAH, respiratory failure, and impaired airway clearance mechanisms. One hundred forty-three cases are reviewed.

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Outcome of Research: Not applicable

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Category: Respiratory Complications and Management

Title: Poliomyelitis: late respiratory complications and management
Author: Fischer DA
Affiliation: Not stated
Journal: Orthopedics
Citation: Orthopedics. 1985 Jul; 8(7):891-4
Publication Year and Month: 1985 07

Abstract: One hundred forty-six respiratory polios have been reviewed for complications and current respiratory aids. One hundred thirty-eight of these people required respirator assistance at the onset of their poliomyelitis infection. Fifteen patients have kyphoscoliosis. Seventy-five percent of the total patients require some assisted ventilation. Fifty-two percent have tracheostomies. Most of these people have been followed at Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center for many years. The literature regarding late respiratory complications of polio is reviewed.

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Outcomes of Research or Clinical Trials Activity Levels Acute Flaccid Paralysis Ageing Anaerobic Threshold Anaesthesia Assistive Technology Brain Cardiorespiratory Cardiovascular Clinical Evaluation Cold Intolerance Complementary Therapies Continence Coping Styles and Strategies Cultural Context Diagnosis and Management Differential Diagnosis Drugs Dysphagia Dysphonia Epidemiology Exercise Falls Fatigue Fractures Gender Differences Immune Response Inflammation Late Effects of Polio Muscle Strength Muscular Atrophy Orthoses Pain Polio Immunisation Post-Polio Motor Unit Psychology Quality of Life Renal Complications Respiratory Complications and Management Restless Legs Syndrome Sleep Analaysis Surgery Vitality Vocational Implications